Exam 1 Study Guide STUDENT COPY

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Exam 1 Topics to Review Chapter 6  Know your predefined functions (Table 6-1 pg 350) how to use them and what header is needed  Know how the static cast type conversion works (page 50 in your book, review from 111) o Used to explicitly convert one data type to another data type  Know how to calculate the result of a function call within a function call o Using similar syntax as you would normally  Function Prototypes o Know the differences between a function prototype, function call, and function implementation (header) hint: one is a declaration, one is a definition o If you need a refresher, watch this video: Buckys C++ Programming Tutorials – 59 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeleR7PDs5Q&list=PLAE85DE8440AA6B83&index=60 o Know the syntax of a valid function prototype  How do you pass ifstream and ofstream variables to functions? (see section 6-7) o Have the separate functions that return each or use  Return {x,y}; within a function  What should you do when you need a function to return more than one value? o Have the separate functions that return each or use  Return {x,y}; within a function  What are the rules for function overloading? (see section 6-13) o Does not include the return type of the function o If the number of formal parameters is the same, but the data type of the formal parameters differ in at least one position  Function Call Stack and Activation Records o Know the definitions of both. This link will be a good reference for that!  Call stack: a stack data structure that stores information about the active subroutines of a computer program  Activation record: data structure that is created when a procedure/ function is invoked o https://flylib.com/books/en/2.253.1/function_call_stack_and_activation_records.html o When is an activation record popped off of the call stack?  Whenever a functions returns to its caller o When are they pushed onto the stack?  Whenever a function call occurs then a new activation record is created and I will be pushed onto the top of the stack o What is included in the function’s activation record?  Return values, param list, control links, access links, saved machine status, local data etc.  You need to know the rules of default arguments (see section 6-14) o What can be used as a default argument?

 A value provided in a function declaration that is automatically assigned by the compiler if the calling function doesn’t provide a value fir the argument o What happens when arguments are omitted in a call to a function with defaults? What are the requirements for this to be valid?  They are unassigned a value  They need to have a value Chapter 13-5: Function Templates o When is the ideal situation to use a function template?  When you need to define a function that performs the same logic on multiple different data types o When are specializations generated for a function template? Chapter 13-6: Random number Generation  You need to know several things about the rand() function o What data type does the rand function return? o Terminology: shifting value = offset, scaling value = interval Chapter 15 - Recursion o What are the pros/cons of recursion vs. iteration? o What causes recursion to stop? What causes iteration to stop? o Why do we consider recursion ‘memory-intensive’? o Be able to trace through recursive functions to find the answer/output o You should also be able to identify the base statement in a recursive function o What is the difference between direct and indirect recursion? o You should understand the basic math to calculate a Fibonacci number Chapter 10: Classes o What is the difference between a class and a struct? What is the benefit of each? o Constructors  Know what the naming rules are (how do you create a constructor?)  How do you define a default constructor? How many parameters does it have?  What type does a constructor return?  Will the constructor ever call other functions?  How do you overload a constructor?  When does C++ implicitly create a default constructor?  Is a default implicit when a constructor w/ arguments is created?  Understand how default arguments can be used in a constructor and valid ways to then initialize objects using that constructor o What is a destructor? How do you create one? How many destructors can a class have? o Class Functions  What is the definition of a utility function? Why do we need utility functions?  What is the definition of an access function?  How do you call a function in reference to an object?  Get member functions (getters, accessors)

 Set member functions (setters, mutators)  Know what the attributes of a class are called (aka data members) and the difference between them and local variables  How do you create an object of a class?  What is the difference between automatic, static, const, or global objects? o Header and Implementation Files  What is the purpose of a header file? (i.e. what is it used for by the source file)  What phase of the compilation process is the implementation file attached to the header file?  We have not discussed this much so you should review this article! https://www.cs.fsu.edu/~myers/c++/notes/compilation.html  When #including a header file, how does the <> differ from “”?  How do you connect implementation cpp files to the prototypes in the header file? What is that symbol called? o Constants  What causes a syntax error in terms of having a const function or object?  Scope o Scope resolution operator (see section 6-9)  How do you call a base class function from within a derived class? o Know how to determine where a variable is in scope: block vs. class level Chapter 16-2: Vector Type Class o How to initialize a vector using another vector and how to call the copy constructor o Know your basic vector syntax! How do you create a vector? o Is there a limit to the types of data that can be stored in a vector? No o What expression inserts a copy of an element into a vector at the end? o Can a vector be resized? o What is the difference between using the at function and the square brackets to access a member of a vector? Which one provides bounds checking? Chapter 8-2: Searching and sorting o Know how many comparisons are needed in a linear (sequential search) – know worse case as well as average case  What types of arrays can a linear search be used on?  Any types of arrays (integers, floats, char, strings)  What type of value does the seq. search use to track when an item is found?  It uses a search key. This is a set value of an item being searched for before the search begins  How much of a list (on average) does a sequential search review?  About half of the list o Know the algorithms for the bubble sort and the insertion sorts  How many iterations are needed? What do each compare first?  Bubble must scan each as it uses a nested loop to repeatedly swap adjacent elements

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 Iteration uses half by picking them up and inserting each in the correct place in the sub array  Know how the bubble sort algorithm and insertion sort algorithm works. You should be able to identify which algorithm is being used based on given code  How many key comparisons are needed for each?  All (bubble)  Half (insertion)  How many item assignments are needed for both?  Must assign all items o What is the formula for finding the index of the middle element of an array?  Use the a command to find the length then pull the middle o Binary search algorithm – know how it works! List MUST be sorted  Continual incremental division o Do arrays “need to” be sorted?  No, they can stay as they are. However, it may be useful to sort the contents of arrays Chapter 11: Composition (HAS-A RELATIONSHIP) o When do member objects get constructed? When do host objects get constructed? (Know the order that objects and hosts are constructed in composition!)  Member objects are constructed before the host object o When are default constructors *required*?  When the host object needs to be constructed without any argument or initialization Chapter 11: Inheritance (IS-A RELATIONSHIP) o What are the advantages of inheritance compared to a “copy-and-paste” approach o What is the separating your header and source code files in a base class? o You should be able to identify from a list what out of a list would most likely be a base class. You should also be able to identify what types of data would be a good fit for inheritance and what would not be o When to use inheritance vs. composition, what should be put in base class o How do you define a derived class? (syntax) o How do you define a multi-argument constructor of a derived class to call the constructor of a base class? (How do you use the member initializer list in the constructor of a derived class?) o What is NOT inherited by derived classes? (constructors, destructors, assignment operators – copy constructors) o Derived classes: What is the dif. between redefining and overloading class functions? o Know what the member access specifier means and the difference between public, private, and protected o Is multiple inheritance possible in C++? o Know the definition of: Encapsulation, Code reusability, Inheritance, and Composition

CSIS 112 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 12 Definitions: Pointer, Address of operator, dereferencing operator, de-constructor, member-wise initialization, copy constructor, indirection operator, memory leak, static variables, member access operator arrow, member initialization list Code Output problems There are LOTS of possible output problems with pointers. Given a value, a pointer, and an address for that pointer, can you find the final output? You need to know what happens when you print a pointer value vs. an address of pointer vs. a dereferenced pointer (like the example we did in class) Other Topics  Initialization: Know how to initialize a pointer variable  Dynamic variables: Know how to create and destroy dynamic variables  What operations are allowed on pointers what two values can be assigned to one?  When you increment a pointer, how much does the value increase by?  Deep vs. Shallow Copy: Know the difference!

 Copy Constructor: Know the appropriate syntax  What happens when you dereference a null pointer/an uninitialized pointer?  Understand the ‘Declaring Pointer Variables’ slide from the PowerPoint  How do you properly use the member access operator arrow?  Know the difference between a source code file and object file, where they’re used CHAPTER 8-4  Know how to use the strcpy function and the strncpy function on character arrays  C-Strings: know the definition of aggregate operations  How do the functions of the character-handling library manipulate characters?  Know the strtok_s function, what it does, what it returns, what its’ parameters are CHAPTER 13  Know how to appropriately overload the operators discussed in class  Know the definition of an implicit overload  Know the definition of the this pointer and how to use it  Difference between pre-increment and post-increment overloading  Know the various rules for operator overloading as discussed in class  Rules for which operators can be overloaded as a member vs. as a non-member function. What operators can’t be overloaded? Why do we need friend functions?  What is required for an overloaded operator that takes two different types to be commutative?

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