Fallacies

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Fallacies Alexandra R. Sapp Grand Canyon University COM-362: Argumentation and Advocacy Professor Oleson January 28, 2024 Fallacies When it comes to fallacies, fallacies are known as “A type of argument that seems to be correct, but contains a mistake in reasoning” (Copi et al., 2016). Abortions have become a controversial topic, and in the United States, many individuals have started to argue about whether abortions were okay or not. Many people also argued about whether abortions should be legal or illegal. An abortion is described as “the deliberate ending of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable or capable of surviving outside a woman's body” (Kaplan et al., 2023). Individuals either advocate for abortions being easily accessible, or advocate for abortions to be banned. When people are opposed to abortion, these groups of individuals are known as “pro-life”, and when individuals aren’t opposed to abortions, these individuals are known as “pro-choice”. There are many different opinions within these two groups of people. When there are instances

of rape and/or incest, some pro-life individuals would be okay to saying “yes” to an abortion, but there are also other pro-life individuals who still believe that abortion is murder regardless of reasoning. NARAL is a pro-choice advocacy group that brings awareness towards women and gives women the ability to make decisions for their own bodies (Zukauskas, 2022). There are over two million individuals in this group who are trying to help women have the right to choose what is wanted for their own body. This organization is always battling with another group of advocates, known as the anti-choice organization, which are a group of individuals who are completely against abortions. This organization has been able to pass many different laws that restrict women from accessing what is wanted for their own bodies. The pro-choice individuals argue that a woman should be able to do as she wishes for her body, while pro-life/anti-choice individuals counteract these beliefs, and think women are morally wrong for wanting to murder a baby. Since this is such a controversial topic, each individual has their own beliefs based on religion, culture, constitutional rights, and/or personal events or experiences. According to NARAL, “NARAL was looking for a leader who would encourage young women to join the fight for reproductive rights by voting for political leaders who support pro- choice legislation. This led the organization to choose Ilyse Hogue as its new president in 2013” (Zukauskas, 2022). This is an example of an ad populace fallacy because when they were looking for a leader to encourage young women, they wanted the reader to understand what they wanted in a candidate, and how this candidate would fight for reproductive rights, as well as supporting the pro-choice legislation. Another fallacy that is used is the ad misericordiam because the speaker demonstrated compassion towards the audience, and those who could relate to what was being fought for. The

NARAL organization uses and portrays compassion to all women who are fighting for their own, as well as others’ reproductive rights. These individuals are able to guarantee compassion through to the pro-life organization. In the article, “Gov. Sununu Hits Campaign Trail With Haley After Endorsing Her; Haley, Sununu Campaigning Together Today In New Hampshire; Haley Wins Big Endorsement From NH Gov. Chris Sununu; Haley On Trump: 'We Can't Afford Four More Years Of Chaos'; Haley On Trump: 'Rightly Or Wrongly, Chaos Follows Him'; Sununu On NH primary: It's A Race Between Haley And Trump; 'Pro-life' Haley & 'Pro-Choice' Sununu Speak Out On Abortion; Nikki Haley On Role Of The U.S. In Israel-Hamas War; Gov. Sununu Hits Campaign Trail With Haley After Endorsing Her. Aired 12- 12:30p ET”, the author stated that “But this is what I'm talking about. When I say we need to have compassion, this is exactly what I'm talking about. When you look at someone's experience, we should never want to see someone with a rare condition who has to deliver a baby, any more than we should want to see a mom have an abortion at 37, 38, 39 weeks” (Sununu, 2023). This resembles ad verecundiam fallacy because this demonstrates that women are denying the opinions of pro-life individuals, due to the fact that they are losing their basic rights to make decisions for their own bodies, especially when there is a risk. Hasty Generalization is also used in this controversial topic because individuals from a pro-choice standpoint may assume that all pro-life individuals are completely against abortions, when in reality, they aren’t. In the article “Moral foundations of pro-choice and pro-life women”, a study that was conducted and researchers concluded that “Regarding conditional support, women pro-life agreed more with two statements allowing abortion conditionally when the pregnancy threatens the mother’s life or health and when one is sure that the child will be born

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with a genetic defect. Women pro-choice agreed more with the third statement allowing the right to abortion until the 12th week of pregnancy” (Paruzel-Czachura et al., 2023). One last fallacy that was used was the ad hominem fallacy because there have been multiple clinics that have opened in order to convince women to reconsider their decisions of getting an abortion, while lying and misleading them. WHen individuals lie and mislead women, they are indirectly questioning and judging their character, which can also lead them to attacking their character if they choose to not consider what they are telling these women. In the article “Don’t let anti-choice extremists cover up their anti-democratic aims”, the author brings up that “It’s critical to understand that white supremacy is at the heart of the anti-choice movement and the radical right’s efforts to maintain white patriarchal power” (Montemarano, 2021). There have also been multiple points that have been brought up about why the reader should go against the anti-choice organization. In conclusion, the NARAL organization has been in a constant battle with the anti-choice organization by using multiple fallacies in order to back up their opinions about protecting and giving women the right to make their own decisions for their reproductive systems. Abortion has and will always be an ongoing controversial topic that individuals may not always agree on. Each individual has their own beliefs when it comes to the view on abortions, and these are backed up by their personal experiences, culture, and/or religion. When it comes to proving a point within the NARAL organization, instead of attacking the anti-choice organization and pro- life individuals, this organization should’ve taken into consideration and understood why pro-life individuals think the way they do.

References Copi, I. M., Cohen, C., & McMahon, K. (2016). Introduction to logic (14th ed.). Taylor and Francis. Kaplan, C. A., Tischauser, L. V., PhD, & Chara, P. J. . J., PhD. (2023). Abortion. Magill’s Medical Guide (Online Edition). Gov. Sununu Hits Campaign Trail With Haley After Endorsing Her; Haley, Sununu Campaigning Together Today In New Hampshire; Haley Wins Big Endorsement From NH Gov. Chris Sununu; Haley On Trump: “We Can’t Afford Four More Years Of Chaos”; Haley On Trump: “Rightly Or Wrongly, Chaos Follows Him”; Sununu On NH primary: It’s A Race Between Haley And Trump; “Pro-life” Haley & “Pro-Choice” Sununu Speak Out On Abortion; Nikki Haley On Role Of The U.S. In Israel-Hamas War; Gov. Sununu Hits Campaign Trail With Haley After Endorsing Her. Aired 12- 12:30p ET. (2023). Inside Politics. Montemarano, D. (2021, March 19). Don’t let anti-choice extremists cover up their anti- democratic aims. Prism. https://prismreports.org/2021/01/29/dont-let-antichoice- extremists-cover-up-their-antidemocratic-aims/ Paruzel-Czachura, M., Domurat, A., & Nowak, M. (2023). Moral foundations of pro-choice and pro-life women. Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 1–11. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04800-0

Zukauskas, R. (2022). NARAL Pro-Choice America. Salem Press Encyclopedia.

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