Part 3 Research Paper-Interview Summary - CJAD 455 (2)

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1 Part 3: Research Paper-Interview Summary Ashley Burke Criminal Justice, Franklin University CJAD 455 H1WW: Ethics in the Criminal Justice System Dr. Howard Jordan November 27, 2022

2 Part 3: Research Paper-Interview Summary What would this person actually do about the ethical dilemma issue? Cameron Briggs is a Newport News, Virginia Fire Department Lieutenant and Paramedic who also serves as a Safety Officer for the department. Briggs has been on the force for 12 years with his last 2 years serving as a supervisor. C. Briggs (personal communication, December 2, 2022) states he would increase training and remodify protocols to reflect a greater awareness of the ability and effectiveness of using the least intrusive methods. Too many times are individuals killed when they are not armed. Even those who are armed can be apprehended on a case-by-case basis without the use of force. Just because you see a knife or a gun, does not mean there is a danger posed upon your life (C. Briggs, personal communication, December 2, 2022). Briggs detailed how he had been on a call with co-workers whose first instinct is to shoot because that is what they are taught in the police academy. C. Briggs (personal communication, December 2, 2022) states, “Without thinking, he went for the gun first because of a woman with a razor blade. It was nothing except muscle memory that prompted the officer to draw his weapon. I talked the officer into holstering his weapon, and the woman threw the blade within 30 seconds of me applying my de-escalation training.” Briggs believes if officers were physically trained more, then there would be less fear resulting in less use of force. One of his colleagues informed him that many officers fear physical altercations, so they would rather eliminate the possibility of being physically assaulted. “When you use force to do something, essentially you are taking away someone's choice to do what they want, so you better have a really good reason, and you better be able to defend that reason (C. Briggs, personal communication, December 2, 2022).” For Briggs, he would rather take a beating than take a life, especially an innocent/unarmed life. What criteria would he use to make the decision?

3 To solve the ethical dilemma of use-of-force, Briggs would mandate physical, hands-on wrestling/submission style training and mandate de-escalation training in addition to police defensive tactical training and eye/hand coordination training. Additionally, he would require refresher training 3 or more times a month depending on position and length of training. C. Briggs (personal communication, December 2, 2022) informed me that he received about 5 hours of grappling defense training, which is antithetical to the almost week-long firearm training, which is why he feels that the use-of-force supplements for the lack of training; he spent 5 hours wrestling, but a week firing his firearm. That ratio is not efficient and needs to be reformed (C. Briggs, personal communication, December 2, 2022). Although everyday encounters vary, and law enforcement can expect the unexpected, a department should be created that is equipped to handle mental health situations and/or situations where de- escalation is or might be needed. Are there costs or consequences involved with the decision? Departmental funding would need to be advocated for to ensure proper training and execution of techniques in addition to computerized training to be used in conjunction with the hands-on training. Is there a Code of Conduct that helps determine the answer? Yes, always use the least intrusive method first. Currently, the use of force in Briggs’ field is no longer what it used to be. They used to just hogtie people and throw them on the stretcher like it was the Wild West, which was completely unacceptable (C. Briggs, personal communication, December 2, 2022). They prohibited hogtying and manhandling in writing so that everyone would comply with the new standards. The Newport News fire department does have protocols in place if they need to restrain someone whether it's physical or chemical and that involves positioning and monitoring. If restrained, the restrained should be lying on their back as those with weak truck muscles could be asphyxiated by lying on their belly. Additionally, the officials monitor oxygen levels, repeatedly listen to lung sounds, and if

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4 they have used any medicine (haldol\versed\ ketamine) they monitor their breathing with End Tidal CO2 detection and put them on the heart monitor. What are the culture and/or leadership dynamics within the agency that is relevant to the ethical dilemma? This culture is family-like and professional. We have the understanding that the victims/offenders are rescued first despite all circumstances. The department’s training has allowed the firefighters to subdue individuals, including disarming an individual, through methods that never include(d) a weapon. Can you identify a crime control or due process fights-based perspective in your organization? In Briggs’ organization, when they transport criminals, treat them, and/or restrain them, they adhere to the due process aspect. Nonetheless, being able to de-escalate and/or give alternatives to the use of force, should be more widely used than it is. Briggs completed a crisis intervention class. That he highly recommends it to all departments/agencies. The course operators had experience with those who are developmentally delayed, who have substance abuse issues, or mental illness. The training consisted of acting out scenarios in which they would encounter those individuals on calls and how they would handle it. C. Briggs (personal communication, December 2, 2022) described that most of the officers were quick to want to shoot somebody or the forces, but the instructions would prompt them to talk through a little bit more and keep trying. When they did that, it was noticed that they were able to communicate with the individuals a lot better and get on their level using proper body language. The training demonstrated that the use of force was necessary a lot less than they thought. Briggs himself thought using force was necessary for situations where it was not, so he believes it to be an invaluable course that should be required across nations to aid in due process and better responses.

5 Annotated bibliography FBI. (2018, September 14). Use-of-force. FBI. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/need-an-fbi-service-or-more-information/ucr/use-of- force The study is about the National Use-of-Force Data Collection. It revolves around how Crime control officer-involved shootings and other cases where excessive force resulted in fatalities or serious injuries would be recorded in a database. While mass murders and the application of force have always been discussed widely, recent high-profile events during which the victims were killed have brought the topic to the forefront of the public's mind. The lack of sufficient data to construct nationwide statistics limits the potential to investigate use-of-force occurrences and explore their causation. The FBI has been somewhat cooperating with other security agencies on National Use-of-Force Data Collection. These departments include local, state, indigenous, and international ones Kim, D.-Y., Phillips, S. W., & Bishopp, S. A. (2022). Exploring the police use of force continuum with a partial proportional odds model. Policing: An International Journal, 45(2), 252–265. https://doi-org.links.franklin.edu/10.1108/PIJPSM-08-2021-0105 The study revolves around evaluating the police department websites and a systematic review of content, structure, and usability. This research aims to determine how much data can be found on Wisconsin police departments' websites. The study analyzed the content of the websites of all 179 Wisconsin local law enforcement agencies, including those from counties and cities. Writers then used a comparative assessment to see if police department webpages were on track with those provided by municipal and educational entities regarding the information quantity and quality they made publicly available. The estimate of models to examine the availability of data on crime control websites in connection to demographic factors such as the number of people they serve and the sexual makeup of

6 their force. The researchers conclude by establishing a correlation between the number of women working as bystanders in law enforcement organizations and the amount of information shared on agency websites. Novelty Previous studies have examined the composition of law enforcement internet sites focused on large policing agencies instead than local police forces, even though these organizations make up the vast majority of such organizations. Rizer, A., & Mooney, E. (2020, May 21). The evolution of modern use-of-force policies and the need for professionalism in policing. The Federalist Society. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-evolution-of-modern-use-of-force-policies-and-the- need-for-professionalism-in-policinghe The study is about the national use of force data collection, which revolves around how to compile data on police shootings and other uses of the force around the country; the FBI and other agencies launched the National Use of Force Collected of data in 2015. Further, the paper expresses the provision of overarching understanding rather than details about individual occurrences. Whether or not officers maintained a departmental policy or acted appropriately is not evaluated or reported in this gathering. In addition, the paper expounds on how the public releases data based on the number of various institutions and is subject to government guidelines. The FBI will regularly provide details on participating agencies despite the amount of use-of-force statistics reported. Finally, the paper provides the list of data collected. Steinar Vee Henriksen, & Bjørn Ivar Kruke. (2020). The Force Continuum: Prevalence and Characteristics of Police Use of Coercive Force. Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing, 7, 5–22. https://doi-org.links.franklin.edu/10.18261/issn.2703-7045-2020-01-02 The objective of the present study, one of the first that looks at the use of coercive force in Norway, is to give a general understanding of the proportion and, more specifically, the aspects of Norwegian police emergency preparedness officers' use of pressure. According to police emergency reaction officers' self-

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7 reported evidence, using force in a diverse range of situations frequently occurs roughly once a month. Guns are only occasionally used in these circumstances; the bulk of the time, pressure is used at the weaker part of the physical restraint. Males predominate, and most participants are either drunk or mentally ill. Also, the basis of previous research about whatever qualifies an application of police force by the police, particularly at the less severe extremes of the spectrum, may be inadequate under the current law and regulations. Therefore, a clearer and unified statement must serve as a disclosure requirement. The thematic analysis yielded themes such as making ethical decisions; acting on those decisions; communicating effectively, and controlling one's emotions. In light of police professionalization and even the Code of Ethics, there is an examination of the continued importance of these ideas. The results show that morally upstanding policing and protection of police legitimacy are bolstered by police autonomy once it is based on virtue ethics instead of a more conventional moral philosophy.

Part 3 Research Paper-Interview Summary - CJAD 455 (2)

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