CS 2204 DF 3
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University of the People *
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Course
2204
Subject
Communications
Date
Nov 24, 2024
Type
docx
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3
Uploaded by NeutronPuppyIrene
Mobile phones have evolved substantially through generations, from 1G to the present 5G. Each
generation represents a significant technological advancement, offering new standards and
features that redefine our communication experiences.
1G (First Generation):
Introduced by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation in 1979.
Standards Used:
o
Analogue switching technology, FM modulation.
o
Frequency: 800 MHz and 900 MHz. Bandwidth: 10 MHz.
o
Access technique: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
Features:
o
Voice-only service.
o
Significant interference leading to poor voice quality.
o
No support for roaming and encryption.
Compared to what existed before it (landline telephones), 1G was revolutionary as it introduced
the concept of mobile communication. However, it was limited in features and had several
drawbacks.
2G (Second Generation):
Introduced in 1991 in Finland based on the GSM standard.
Standards Used:
o
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): The original 2G standard that
uses a SIM card, allowing easy switch between GSM devices.
o
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): Popular mainly in the U.S., does not
use SIM cards. Devices need to be programmed for the network.
Features:
o
Digital system with encrypted voice transmission and improved sound quality.
o
Introduction of SMS and MMS services.
o
First internet access at lower data rates.
o
Roaming capabilities and enhanced security.
In comparison to 1G, 2G represented a huge leap as it transitioned from analog to digital
systems. This shift brought better voice quality, encrypted communications, and the birth of data
services like SMS (Rancho Labs, 2021).
3G (Third Generation):
Launched in 2001 by NTT DoCoMo in Japan.
Standards Used:
o
Digital broadband data.
Features:
o
Higher data rates promoting better internet surfing.
o
Support for video calling, music streaming, video conferencing, and 3D gaming.
o
Enhanced security, mobile app, and multimedia message support.
When juxtaposed with 2G, 3G brought broadband data capabilities. This meant faster internet,
video calls, and a more interactive multimedia experience on mobile devices (Rancho Labs,
2021).
4G (Fourth Generation):
Debuted in 2009, offering performance up to 10 times faster than 3G.
Standards Used:
o
LTE (Long Term Evolution): An upgrade for both GSM and CDMA, increasing
available bandwidth for voice and data communications.
o
VoLTE (Voice over LTE): A voice technology operating over the LTE data
connection. Offers high voice quality and supports video calls.
Features:
o
Data rates up to 1Gbps.
o
HD video streaming, rapid internet access, and immersive online gaming.
o
Enhanced security, reduced latency, and superior voice and video quality through
VoLTE.
As an evolution from 3G, 4G delivered vastly improved internet speeds, allowing seamless HD
content streaming. The introduction of LTE brought a unified standard that further enhanced data
throughput and user experience (Baby, 2023).
5G (Fifth Generation):
First introduced in South Korea in March 2019.
Standards Used:
o
Advanced digital broadband emphasizing small cells, beamforming, and cloud-
based infrastructure.
Features:
o
Ultra-fast mobile internet reaching speeds up to 10Gbps.
o
Remarkably reduced latency.
o
Enhanced security, efficiency, and support for vast device connectivity.
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