3. CPCCCM2002 Learner Activity workbook

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 3 of 86 Contents Unit of competency ..................................................................................................................... 6 Overview/Competency demonstration .......................................................................................... 6 CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation ...................................................................................... 6 Plan and prepare for hand excavation. .................................................................................. 6 Prepare excavation site and erect safety equipment. .............................................................. 6 Dig excavations. .................................................................................................................. 6 Check and store tools and equipment. ................................................................................... 7 Learner Activity Workbook Overview ............................................................................................ 8 Instructions ................................................................................................................................ 9 Learning Activities ................................................................................................................ 9 Simulated Learning Activities ................................................................................................ 9 Self-Assessment Questionnaire ............................................................................................. 9 Section 1 – Plan and prepare ..................................................................................................... 10 How do you know what safety requirements apply to your workplace? .................................. 10 Acts, regulations, codes and standards ................................................................................ 11 Duty of Care ...................................................................................................................... 11 Identify work health and safety hazards, assess risks and implement suitable controls ........... 11 Acts, regulations, codes and standards ................................................................................ 11 WHS legal pyramid ............................................................................................................. 12 List of WHS legislation, regulations and workplace safety authorities ..................................... 12 Guidance material .............................................................................................................. 14 National Code of Practice for Induction for Construction Work .............................................. 14 Policies and Procedures ...................................................................................................... 14 Policies .............................................................................................................................. 15 What should a policy contain? ............................................................................................. 15 Procedures ........................................................................................................................ 15 Induction ........................................................................................................................... 15 Hazards and risks ............................................................................................................... 16 Types of hazards ............................................................................................................... 17 Acute and chronic hazards .................................................................................................. 18 Incident reporting .............................................................................................................. 20 Notifiable incidents ............................................................................................................. 20 Types of risks .................................................................................................................... 20 Risk assessment rating matrix ............................................................................................. 21 Likelihood .......................................................................................................................... 21 Consequence ..................................................................................................................... 22 Risk management priority ................................................................................................... 23 Hierarchy of Control ........................................................................................................... 23 Personal protective equipment (PPE) ................................................................................... 24 Principal contractor ............................................................................................................ 25 Designers .......................................................................................................................... 26 Safe Work Method Statements ............................................................................................ 26 Adjacent buildings or structures .......................................................................................... 26 Essential services ............................................................................................................... 27 Securing the work area ...................................................................................................... 27 Emergency plan ................................................................................................................. 28 Using explosives ................................................................................................................ 29 Barricades and Signage ...................................................................................................... 30 Signage ............................................................................................................................. 31 Read and follow safety warning signs .................................................................................. 31 Safety signage on the construction site ............................................................................... 31 Tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with job requirements, checked for serviceability, and any faults are rectified or reported prior to commencement ................. 33

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 6 of 86 Unit of competency CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation Overview/Competency demonstration This Workbook covers the following unit of competency: CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation This unit of competency specifies the skills and knowledge required to undertake hand excavation tasks to form excavations for footings and the provision of services. The unit is suitable for those with basic skills and knowledge undertaking routine work tasks under the direction of more experienced workers. Completion of the general construction induction training program specified by the model Code of Practice for Construction Work is required for any person who is to carry out construction work. Achievement of unit CPCCWHS1001Prepare to work safely in the construction industry meets this requirement. No licensing, legislative or certification requirements apply to this unit at the time of publication. To demonstrate your competency in this unit you will need to provide evidence of your ability to: Plan and prepare for hand excavation. ✓ Read and interpret work instructions and plan sequence of work. ✓ Plan all work to comply with laws and regulations, the National Construction Code (NCC), Australian Standards, work health and safety (WHS) and environmental requirements, workplace requirements, drawings and specifications. ✓ Select and use personal protective equipment (PPE) for each part of the task. ✓ Select tools and equipment, check for serviceability and report any faults. Prepare excavation site and erect safety equipment. ✓ Inspect work site to locate above ground services and assess hazards and determine risk controls. ✓ Locate service markers or taped areas to ensure underground services are avoided and free from interference. ✓ Establish line and depth using site pegs/profiles to mark excavation limits. ✓ Establish required signage and barricades and other risk controls. ✓ Establish temporary drainage system to divert surface and sub-surface water from excavation. Dig excavations. ✓ Dig excavations with hand tools to route, line and depth, following procedures to minimise risk to self and others. ✓ Install basic trench/excavation support. ✓ Use hand tools to remove loose material from excavation.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 9 of 86 Instructions Learning Activities • After each section within this Learner Activity Workbook, there is a series of Learning Activities. These activities are useful to consolidate your learning, and to identify any areas in which you may require further learning. • You must answer all questions in the Learning Activities. • Your answers to these questions will form part of your participation of learning evidence gathered to determine your readiness for assessment. • You must sign, date and submit the ‘ Learning Activities Record’, once you complete the Learning Activities. Simulated Learning Activities • The Simulated Learning Activities are to be completed in a simulated learning environment, under specific instruction by your Trainer. • Simulated Learning Activities incorporate case studies, scenarios and lifelike examples, to support positive learning for the Learner to replicate real experiences that occur in a workplace setting. Where applicable, scenarios have forms and templates that are provided. • To complete the Simulated Learning Activities, the following resources are required: - Simulated Policies and Procedures - Simulated Work plans, drawings and specifications - Learner Activity Workbook • Where Simulated Activities require specific resources, these will be listed in the Simulated Activity task instructions. • The Learner must sign, date, and submit the ‘Simulated Learning Activities Record’, once they complete the Simulated Learning. Self-Assessment Questionnaire • At the end of this Workbook there is a Self-Assessment Questionnaire that you must complete to show that you are ready to be assessed in this unit of competency. • You must answer all questions in the Self-Assessment Questionnaire. • Your answers to these questions will form part of your participation of learning evidence gathered to determine your readiness for assessment. • You must sign, date and submit the ‘ Self-Assessment Record’, once you complete the Self - Assessment Questionnaire. Note: The ‘ Final Learning Participation Outcome Record’ sheet must be submitted to your Trainer, before you can commence assessment.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 12 of 86 WHS legal pyramid Elements of the WHS legislation and how the fit together. List of WHS legislation, regulations and workplace safety authorities (Current as of January 2019) Legislation Federal Work Health and Safety Act (2011) ACT Work Health and Safety Act (2011) NSW Work Health and Safety Act (2011) NT Work Health and Safety (National Uniform Legislation) Act (2011) QLD Work Health and Safety Act (2011) SA Work Health and Safety Act 2012 TAS Work Health and Safety Act 2012 VIC Occupational Health and Safety Act (2004) WA Occupational Safety and Health Act (1984) Acts Regulations Codes of Practice Australian Standards Industry Standards and Guidance Notes

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 15 of 86 Policies There may be a need for many workplace policies including general WHS, environmental, workplace bullying and intimidation, alcohol and drugs, etc. A policy describes: • The desired standard • A timeframe • Management’s commitment to fulfilling the policy • What is expected of all employees in relation to the particular issue What should a policy contain? • The health and safety objectives of the business, and how the employer will implement the policy to achieve those objectives. • The WHS roles and responsibilities of managers, supervisors and all people with a role to play in health and safety. • That the policy was prepared in consultation with staff or their elected health and safety representatives. • The policy should be signed off by the business owner and a worker representative, and should have a date for review. All people affected by the policy should be informed about it. • Everyone should easily understand the policy. It may be necessary to translate it into other languages. Management should ensure that all people in the workplace are made aware of the policy. Its contents need to be clearly explained. Everyone should be encouraged to ask questions of the employer if they do not understand their roles and responsibilities. Procedures A procedure sets out step-by-step instructions for how to deal with an activity in the workplace. Where there are workplace hazards and risks to the health and safety of people, the procedure sets out what to do at every stage of the activity to avoid accidents and injuries to all people. To develop a procedure all potential hazards should be considered. The steps should be in the correct sequence. Developing a safe system of work can be achieved by completing a Job Safety Analysis. Ensure that all aspects have been considered for the procedure. Once procedures are in place, workers should be trained to follow the procedures. Ideally, Standard Operating Procedures will be developed with the involvement of all people from the workplace who work at the tasks. Induction Every employer should have procedures that ensure a new employee is carefully and thoroughly inducted into the workplace. A variety of policies, procedures and forms may be used during this process and will be dependent on legislated requirements and individual business needs. An Enterprise WHS Consultation Procedure and Induction is a good starting point, as it ensures the importance of WHS and safe work practices are very evident from day one. Employees also have specific responsibilities: • To be responsible for your own health and safety • Act in a manner that will not affect the safety of yourself or others • Make a constructive contribution to workplace meetings, workplace activities, inspections • Raise OHS issues with designated personnel according to organisational procedures • Complete daily tasks and operate equipment following designated safe work procedures • To never work under the influence of drugs or alcohol • Correctly use and look after any Personal Protective Equipment provided • Follow all reasonable instructions • Participates in appropriate induction and training as required

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 18 of 86 Acute and chronic hazards ‘Acute hazards’ are those that have an obvious and immediate impact e.g. slippery floor where there is an immediate danger of someone slipping or being injured. ‘Chronic hazards’ have a more hidden, cumulative, long -term impact e.g. workplace bullying, where the long-term impact may result in stress or other psychological injury. Hazard management process: If you identify a hazard in your workplace you are obliged under the law to report it. Usually your employer will have a form to be completed. The information required includes; your name, the date and time, area and your supervisor’s name. You need to describe what happened or the nature of the hazard. The form also asks you to suggest some possible solutions to the problem. Identify the hazards Assess the risks Implement risk control measures

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 21 of 86 Risk assessment rating matrix The risk assessment rating matrix is used to determine the current risk and residual risk for each identified task and hazard. Consider the following: 1. What is the worst possible consequence of this hazard? 2. What is the likelihood of this occurring? Consequence Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic Likelihood Almost certain High High Extreme Extreme Extreme Likely Moderate High High Extreme Extreme Possible Low Moderate High Extreme Extreme Unlikely Low Low Moderate High Extreme Rare Low Low Moderate High High Likelihood The likelihood or probability of injury, illness or damage occurring is categorised as follows: Level Description Almost certain Most likely outcome, could occur any time (daily) Likely Likely to occur, even 50/50 chance (weekly) Possible Might occur at some time (monthly) Unlikely Unlikely to occur, but history of the event exists within the industry (yearly) Rare Practically impossible, no known history of event occurring, in exceptional circumstances

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 22 of 86 Consequence The consequence for injury and illness is categorised as follows: Severity Description Catastrophic Multiple fatalities, extensive financial loss, severe business disruption, severe environmental damage Major Fatality, significant financial loss, major business disruption, major environmental damage Moderate Serious injury with a long period (10 days or more) off work and/or permanent impairment, substantial financial loss, notable business disruption (more than 1 day) Minor Lost time injury but not permanent impairment with less than 10 days off work, contaminant release contained without outside assistance, notable financial loss, a slight business disruption (property damage) Insignificant Superficial injury or illness such as minor cuts and bruises, first aid treatment, negligible financial loss, minor property damage, contaminant release immediately contained Likelihood Consequence Severity

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 23 of 86 Risk management priority Risks will be prioritised and managed as follows: Priority Description Extreme • Action to reduce risk is mandatory • If work is in progress and an activity is identified as extreme risk – cease work immediately • Work will not commence until action has been taken to lower the risk to another category High • Action to reduce risk is mandatory • If work is in progress and an activity is identified as high risk – consider ceasing work • Immediate action must be taken or controls implemented to reduce the risk • Approval must be obtained from management to continue work Moderate • Action to reduce risk should be taken • Action must be based on the Hierarchy of Controls • Short-term action can be administrative controls or protective equipment • Employees must be made aware of the risk and controls to be taken • Plans for further mitigation must be implemented Low • Action to reduce risk should be taken • Action must be based on the Hierarchy of Controls • Administrative procedures or protective equipment may control the risk Hierarchy of Control The Hierarchy of Control outlines the types of controls that can be implemented to mitigate and eliminate safety hazards. Effectiveness Type of control Example Most effective Least effective Elimination Discontinue use of product or equipment, and cease work process. Substitution Can the task, process, equipment be substituted with a less hazardous one? Isolation Can the hazard be isolated to prevent exposure? Engineering controls Can the task, equipment, process be re-designed to reduce the risk? Administration controls Provide training, information to employees to ensure they can work safely. Personal protective equipment Equipment provided to place a barrier between employee and the hazard.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 24 of 86 Personal protective equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment is also known as (PPE). Personal protective equipment helps to protect workers against potential injuries. PPE must be worn according to worksite rules and regulations. While the use of PPE is the least effective control because it does not remove the danger, and relies on the individual to use the PPE effectively, it is necessary to protect workers for many of the tasks in the construction industry. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) comprises a range of clothing and equipment which is worn by employees, students, contractors or visitors as appropriate to protect or shield their bodies from workplace hazards. There are many types of PPE that can be considered in categories, based on the type of protection afforded by the equipment. Respiratory protection e.g. disposable, cartridge, air-line, half or full face Eye protection e.g. spectacles/goggles, shields, visors Hearing protection e.g. ear muffs and plugs Hand protection e.g. gloves and barrier creams Foot protection e.g. shoes/boots Head protection e.g. helmets, caps, hoods, hats Protection from falls e.g. harness and fall arrest devices Skin protection e.g. hats, sunburn cream, long sleeved clothes Other protection e.g. protective clothing for extremely hot or cold environments Legal requirements related to PPE: Employer’s obligations Employee’s obligations • Ensure that all workers have personal protective equipment (PPE). • Ensure each item of PPE is appropriate for each particular workplace hazard. • Ensure each item of PPE is appropriate for each individual worker. • Provide training in appropriate use of PPE. • Provide additional training to supervisors to ensure they understand their role in enforcing the wearing and use of PPE. • Ensure all PPE meets the appropriate standards. • Ensure all PPE is cleaned and maintained. • Use the protective clothing or equipment in a manner in which he or she has been properly instructed to use it. • Do not misuse or damage the clothing or equipment. • As soon as reasonably practicable after becoming aware of any damage to, malfunction of, or need to clean or sterilise the clothing or equipment, notify the person providing the clothing or equipment and/or your supervisor.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 25 of 86 Principal contractor When the value of the construction work exceeds $250 000, it is deemed a "construction project" for which the lead contractor has additional responsibilities. A construction project can only have one principle contractor, who will either be the person commissioning the work or a person appointed as the principal contractor by the person commissioning the work. The principal contractor has a range of duties in relation to a construction project including: • Preparing and reviewing a WHS management plan • Obtaining SWMS before any high-risk construction work commences • Putting in place arrangements to manage the work environment including falls, facilities, first aid, an emergency plan and traffic management • Installing signs showing the principal contactor’s name, contact details and location of any site office • Securing the construction workplace. When considerable excavation work is being done but no building work has begun, the person commissioning the work may appoint the excavation contractor as the lead contractor for the site preparation phase of the project and then replace them with a building expert once that phase is completed. If the excavation contractor is selected as the principle contractor, he or she must carry out all of the principal contractor's responsibilities. The Code of Practice: Construction Work provides more information on how to calculate the cost of construction work and the responsibilities of the principal contractor. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Duties of the principal contractor’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNtk1_Hytuk

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 26 of 86 Designers When creating final design documentation and a safety report for a structure, designers should examine probable excavation work methods as well as health and safety management systems. A person commissioning construction work must engage with the designer of the entire structure or any element of it, as far as is practically practicable, regarding avoiding and controlling risks. If the person commissioning the construction work did not order the project's design, they must take all reasonable steps to get the designer's safety report. The person commissioning the building work must disclose the principal contractor any information they have concerning the hazards and risks associated with the job if there is one. Safe Work Method Statements If the excavation work is or involves high risk construction work, a person conducting a business or undertaking must prepare a SWMS before the high-risk construction work starts. The SWMS must: • Identify the type of high-risk construction work being done • Specify the health and safety hazards and risks arising from that work • Describe how the risks will be controlled • Describe how the control measures will be implemented, monitored and reviewed • Be developed in consultation with workers and their representatives who are carrying out the high-risk construction work In some circumstances one SWMS can be prepared to cover more than one high risk construction work activity being carried out at the workplace by contractors and/or subcontractors. For example, where there is: • A risk of a person falling more than 2 metres • A trench with an excavated depth greater than 1.5 metres Contractors or subcontractors can consult and collaborate in this situation to create a single SWMS. They can even create distinct SWMS if they choose. If they want to do so, they must confer with one another to verify that all SWMS are consistent and that no unintentional extra hazards are introduced into the workplace. Adjacent buildings or structures Excavation operations may have a significant impact on the security or stability of any element of a structure at or near the proposed excavation site, resulting in structural failure or collapse. Excavation operations cannot begin until the potential for collapse or partial collapse of any impacted building or structure has been addressed. Any excavation below the level of a structure's footing, including retaining walls, that could jeopardise the structure's stability must be evaluated by a competent person and secured by a sufficient ground support system built by a competent person. A competent person should be able to identify the appropriate supports to brace the construction. It's also crucial that adjacent structures in and around the excavation site aren't harmed by vibration or concussion as a result of the excavation work. Special care may be required in the proximity of hospitals and other buildings that hold shock and vibration-sensitive equipment.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 27 of 86 Essential services Gas, water, sewerage, telecommunications, electricity, chemicals, fuel, and refrigerant in pipes or lines are all essential services. The principal contractor is responsible for managing the risks connected with workplace critical services. Before employing excavators or other earthmoving machines near overhead electric lines, specific safety precautions must be taken. Approach distances should be checked with the proper authority, and adequate control systems should be put in place to prevent any portion of the plant or any load carried on it from getting too close to or impacting overhead electric lines. Contact the Dial Before You Dig organisation in your state or territory for information on the location of subsurface services. The principle contractor and/or the excavation contractor must receive any underground service plans obtained, including information on underground critical services. Other relevant parties, such as any subcontractors or plant operators working on the excavation, should be informed about critical services and other plans so that the information is taken into account when planning all work in the region. Underground essential services information obtained must be: • Made available to any worker, principal contractor and subcontractors • Readily available for inspection, as required under the WHS act, and • Retained until the excavation work is completed or, if there is a notifiable incident relating to the excavation work, 2 years after the incident occurs. The information on existing underground vital services that is currently available may not be correct. As a result, it is critical that excavation procedures involve an initial assessment of the area to be excavated, such as sampling the area by exposing a short piece of underground utilities and excavating or ‘potholing' the area with water pressure and a vacuum system. Securing the work area In securing the trench or excavation, you must consider: • Risks to health and safety arising from unauthorised access to the work area, and • The likelihood of unauthorised access occurring. By restricting access to the area, this tries to protect workers on site who may be in danger. It is in addition to the person in charge of the site's administration or control's duty to ensure, as far as is reasonably feasible, that the site is safe against unauthorised public access, such as when the site is near schools, parks, stores, or other public places.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 28 of 86 Emergency plan The excavation contractor must guarantee that the emergency plan addresses unanticipated events such as ground slips, flooding, gas leaks, and worker rescue from an excavation. The plan should be included in the principle contractor's overall construction project emergency plan to provide a coordinated response in the event of an emergency. The table below shows frequent excavation-related dangers as well as instances of control measures: Potential Hazards Examples of control measures Ground collapse The use of benching or the installation of ground support (e.g. shoring) Water inrush Pumps or other dewatering systems to remove water and prevent build-up Falls Ramps, steps or other appropriate access into the excavation Hazardous manual tasks Rotating tasks between workers Airborne contaminants Mechanical ventilation to remove airborne contaminants Buried contaminants (e.g. asbestos) Training to identify buried contaminants and what action to take Underground services Obtain information from the relevant authorities on the location of underground services.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 29 of 86 Falls The WHS Regulations require the following specific control measures to be applied where it is reasonably practicable to do so in order to manage the risks of falls: • Carry out the work on a strong foundation with a safe method of egress and access. • If a fall risk cannot be removed, reduce the risk of a fall by establishing and maintaining a safe working environment that includes: - Using fall prevention devices (e.g. Temporary work platforms and guard rails) or - Work positioning systems (e.g. Industrial rope access systems), or - Fall arrest systems such as catch platforms. Control measures include: • The support system itself, for example using trench box extensions or trench sheets longer than the trench depth • Installing guard rails or covers on trench shields • Inserting guard rails and toe boards into the ground immediately next to the supported excavation side • Installing landing platforms or scaffold towers inside deep excavations • Securing ladders to trench shields • Installing effective barriers or barricades • Providing clearly defined pedestrian detours • Provision of alternative access and egress points to the excavation for emergency use • Backfilling the excavation as work progresses. For excavation activity involving a danger of a person falling more than 2 metres, a SWMS must be produced. The Code of Practice: How to Prevent Falls at Workplaces provides more information on reducing the risk of falls. Using explosives Construction work that involves the use of explosives is classified as high risk construction work under the WHS Regulations, and a SWMS must be developed before the work begins. Before choosing whether or not explosives can be used for the excavation, a qualified person with experience in the regulated application of explosives for the purpose of carrying out the excavation operation should be consulted. All explosives must be possessed, stored, handled, and used in accordance with the relevant dangerous substances/goods or explosives regulations in your state or territory. The Australian Code for the Transport of Explosives by Road and Rail must be followed while transporting explosives. Explosives must only be utilised by a qualified individual who is licenced to handle explosives and has prior experience with the task at hand. If explosives are used in excavation, a licenced competent person must create a blast management plan and be responsible for all aspects of the explosives use. For further information on the use of explosives for excavation work, refer to AS 2187.2: Explosives - Storage and Use - Use of explosives.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 30 of 86 Barricades and Signage As a structure takes shape, the likelihood of harmful situations increases, necessitating some barricading and signage. There is a risk of someone falling or having anything fall on them as the construction grows in height. Alternatively, there could be sharp, vulnerable objects in the structure. The priorities when planning are to: • Eliminate dangers as much as possible • Barricade any danger if necessary to keep people out • Place signage that will alert people to any other dangers. As the roof trusses are being installed, plans must be made to ensure that the job is done safely. Obtain a copy of your state's or territory's safe work at heights code or comparable pamphlet and study it in relation to your site. If there is a chance of falling from a height that poses a significant risk of injury (particular heights vary by state and territory in Australia), the following hierarchy of controls must be implemented: Do the job at ground level Try to bring the job to ground level so that there is no risk of falling. Install fixed guardrails Put up a solid barrier or handrail so you cannot fall EWP Use mobile scaffold or elevated work platform (EWP) Fall resistant system Use a fall resistant system incorporating a harness and fixed length lanyard to stop you reaching the edge Limited free fall Use a limited free fall device such as a reel to limit fall to less than 600mm Fall arrest system Use a fall arrest system incorporating a harness, lanyard and an emergency absorber to arrest you should you fall Design the work to avoid the dangers associated with the height. If there is no way to avoid working in the height zone, devise safe methods of doing so. Could a platform be created adjacent to the work, for example, to eliminate the risk? If this isn't possible, you may need to tether the employees so that they are restrained and not wounded if they fall. Harnesses may require adjustment during the work process to cater for the job you are doing. Also consider the potential for tools to fall and injure others, and ensure you minimise this hazard. Of course, harnesses need securing to something, so they may not always be practicable.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 31 of 86 Signage There may be occasions where the area you’re setting out needs to be isolated from the public or other workers. Barricades are temporary fences that restrict entry to an area. Tape or plastic fencing can be used if a barricade is required. While there are no specific safety signs used for setting out, you must still recognise and follow all other safety signs on the site. Read and follow safety warning signs Different hazard signs and symbols are presented in every work environment to alert individuals to any potential hazards in the area. It's critical that you understand what the hazard signs and symbols at your job imply, as well as what you should and shouldn't do in that area to minimise the risk of an accident. Aside from hazard signs and symbols, safety signs are likely to be present in the workplace. The safety signs should be posted where everyone can see them because their instructions are mandatory, which implies that employees must follow them. Safety signage on the construction site All construction sites should be equipped with correct signage. This includes correct signage for barriers/barricades and onsite machinery and equipment. Safety signage on the construction site helps anyone be aware of any potential dangers or hazards onsite. Work areas should be isolated to protect not only other workers and people in the vicinity, but also to protect the work being done. Work areas can be isolated by: • Using barrier tape • Using witches hats • Barricading the area • Erecting fencing • Erecting signage • Verbally informing other trades not to enter the work area whilst work is being conducted There are a variety of signage used on any construction worksite, although the common categories of signs fall into the following: • Mandatory signs • Danger signs • Warning signs • Emergency signs Types of safety signs: Pictures Words Words and pictures Images source: www.australiansafetysigns.net.au

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 32 of 86 Categories of safety signs: Stop and Prohibition – ‘You must not’ The sign will have a RED circle and cross bar, WHITE background and BLACK symbol. Caution – ‘Take care’ The sign will have a YELLOW background, BLACK border and BLACK symbol. Mandatory – ‘You must take appropriate measures whilst in the area’ The sign will have a BLUE background, WHITE symbol and picture inside. Emergency information The sign will be a square or rectangle with a GREEN or RED background and a WHITE symbol. Danger – ‘Be careful’ Fire Images source: www.australiansafetysigns.net.au

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 33 of 86 Tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with job requirements, checked for serviceability, and any faults are rectified or reported prior to commencement Plant and Equipment Excavation work cannot be done safely unless the equipment used is suitable for the job and is kept in good working order. For excavation work, a variety of plant and equipment can be employed, including: • Powered mobile plant • Air compressors • Electric generators • Jack hammers • Hydraulic jacks • Oxy-acetylene (gas cutting/welding) • Scaffolding • Ladders • Many types of handheld plant such as shovels, picks, hammers, hydraulic jacks and pinch/lever bars Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Earthbag build – Episode 02 – DIY Excavation with hand tools’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr_hKhHbnvg You should ensure: • Plant is used and operated by a competent person • That appropriate guards and operator protective devices are fitted • That the safe working load is displayed and any load measurement devices are operating correctly, and • Plant is maintained in accordance with the manufacturer/suppliers instructions or relevant Australian Standards.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 34 of 86 Powered Mobile Plant A wide range of powered mobile plant including earthmoving machinery, may be used for excavation work. To select plant that is suitable for the task, you should consider: • Site access and restrictions • Site hazards such as overhead power lines and underground services • The ground conditions • The type of depth of excavation • The volume of material to be excavated and transported, and • Where the excavated material is to be located and/or stored Some types of powered mobile plant require a high-risk work licence to operate. In most circumstances, however, if earthmoving machinery is utilised for the purpose for which it was designed, it does not require a licenced operator. Earthmoving machinery operators must be able to demonstrate they are competent to operate the specific type of plant being used and any attachments fitted to the plant. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Mobile plant’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4LreZ1gSdQ

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 35 of 86 Earthmoving Machinery To prepare a work area for more focused excavation, bulldozers and scrapers are frequently utilised. Bulldozers are used to excavate and transport massive quantities of material over short distances. Bulldozers can have hydraulically driven rippers at the back of the machine that can dislodge even the toughest sedimentary rocks. After that, the material can be bulldozed away. This method frequently proves more economical than drilling and blasting softer rock. Self-propelled rubber tyred scrapers make it possible to extract and move enormous amounts of material across great distances at a reasonable speed. To establish a healthy and safe workplace, significant attention should be paid to job layout, haul roads, vehicle routes, and general traffic management due to the huge potential output and speeds of current scrapers. Temporary haul roads should be well constructed and maintained to enable plant operators to complete the work safely. Bulldozers and other large earthmoving equipment should not be used near an overhang or a deep hole because the weight may cause the sides to collapse. Equipment should always approach embankments or trenches from the side, rather than parallel to the trench line. Excavators or specialised plant such as tunnelling machines and raise-bore drills are often used for excavation work deeper than 1.5 metres. The majority of these plants are mobile, while tunnelling machines are usually restricted in their movement. Backhoes, rubber-tired loaders, skid steer loaders, trench diggers, graders, and tip trucks are among the other equipment used in excavation. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Bulk Earthmoving with Cat 5130B’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tgdRFiTtUM

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 36 of 86 Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans and specifications As well as knowing how much to buy, we also need to know how much material will be removed and if required carted away. We need to know this to allow us to decide whether to dig by hand or use machinery. How big a truck or how many loads will be carted away and how long is it likely to take. Our area and volume calculations will be used, so work them out first. Next, we need to allow for what is called the bulking factor. Have you ever noticed, that if you dig a hole and then later fill it in, that you can’t fit all the soil back in the hole? This is because the soil swells, fluffs up, and becomes aerated. To allow for this we multiply our volume calculations by a given amount for the type of soil we are excavating. Experts, much smarter than me, have provided these factors. Material Bulking factor Clay 1.4 Clay + gravel 1.18 Clay loam 1.3 Loam 1.25 Sandy loam 1.2 Sand 1.12 Sandstone 1.54 Limestone 1.67 Gravel (6 50mm) 1.12 Example If you worked out that a drive to be excavated had a volume of 12m3, and the soil type was clay, then you would multiply the volume by the bulking factor. i.e. 12m3 x 1.4 = 16.8m3 Therefore, you would need to be prepared to remove 16.8m3 of material which is equivalent to: • 3 x 8 tonne single axle truck loads or • 2 x12 tonne dual axle truck loads or • about 12 x mini landscapers truck loads

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 37 of 86 Materials appropriate to the work application and quality requirements are identified, obtained, prepared, safely handled and located ready for use Materials include: • Nails • Sheet material shoring (timber and metal) • Pegs • Timber Quality requirements include relevant regulations, including: • Australian standards • Manufacturer specifications, where specified • Internal quality policy and standards • Workplace operations and procedures. Excavated material and loads near excavations Mechanical equipment, vehicles, material storage (including excavated material), and any other heavy loads should not be positioned in the excavation's "zone of effect." The ground support system built was designed to carry such loads by a competent individual, such as a geotechnical engineer. The influence zone will be determined by the ground conditions. It's the area where there could be an impact on the excavation, such as a ground collapse. Source: Excavation work Code of Practice (Provided as a supplementary Document)

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 38 of 86 When there is limited room surrounding the excavation for vehicle mobility and/or material storage, an excavation with shoring intended to carry vehicle and material loads may be required. Excavation with shoring designed solely to support the weight of the excavated sides and the surrounding zone of effect Any material will add weight to the space in which it is installed. It is critical that supplies are not placed or stacked near the excavation's edge, as this could endanger those working there. The placement of debris at the edge of an excavation, for example, may cause the excavation's side to collapse. Excavated or loose debris should be stored away from the excavation to prevent the risk of earth collapse. Excavated materials should be removed from the zone of influence. A ground support system, including any ground water pressures, saturated soil conditions, and saturated materials, should be planned and built instead. If excavating in sloping ground decide which side of the excavation to place the excavated material. Things to consider include: • Ground conditions • Access to the excavation • Existing underground services • The need for earthmoving machinery or vehicles to work or move along beside the excavation • Service installation and backfilling requirements • Any manual work being undertaken in the excavation. Placing material on the lower side of the excavation will reduce the effective height of the excavation and the risk of material falling or being washed into the excavation. Source: Excavation work Code of Practice (Provided as a supplementary Document)

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 39 of 86 Care should be taken to ensure that material placed on the high side of the excavation does not pond or hold back runoff water, increasing the danger of ground collapse or floods. Rainwater and other run-off water should be channelled away from the excavation by excavated debris. To avoid undue loading on previously weakened ground, excavated material should be placed on the side opposing the old service line while digging a trench alongside an old service line. The weight of excavated material may overwhelm the sides of a trench if it is put near to a trench owing to barriers such as fences, houses, or trees. In this situation, the ground support system at these sites should be tightened, and barriers such as toe boards may be required to keep the debris from falling into the excavation. When placed in heaps, different soils take on a distinct shape and settle naturally at different slopes. The angle of repose is the angle formed by a sloping face of loose earth in relation to the horizontal. Even if the safe slope of an excavation may be similar to the angle of rest in some types of soil, it is bad practise to equate the safe slope of an excavation to the angle of repose. Environmental requirements are identified for the project in accordance with environmental plans and statutory and regulatory authority obligations, and are applied. Essential Services Gas, water, sewerage, telecommunications, electricity, chemicals, fuel, and refrigerant in pipes or lines are all essential services. The principal contractor is responsible for managing the risks associated with key workplace services. Before employing excavators or other earthmoving machines near overhead electric lines, specific safety precautions must be taken. Approach distances should be checked with the proper authority, and adequate control systems should be put in place to prevent any portion of the plant or any load carried on it from getting too close to or impacting overhead electric lines. Contact the Dial Before You Dig organisation in your state or territory for information on the location of subsurface services. Any subterranean service plants collected, as well as information on underground critical services, must be given to the principle contractor and/or excavation contractor. Other relevant parties, such as any subcontractors or plant operators working on the excavation, should be informed about critical services and other plans so that the information is taken into account when planning all work in the region. Care should be taken to ensure that material placed on the high side of the excavation does not pond or hold back runoff water, increasing the danger of ground collapse or floods. Rainwater and other run-off water should be channelled away from the excavation by excavated debris. To avoid undue loading on previously weakened ground, excavated material should be placed on the side opposing the old service line while digging a trench alongside an old service line.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 40 of 86 Atmospheric conditions and ventilation In excavation activity, the risk of air pollution due to a build-up of gases and fumes must be managed. Gases and fumes heavier than air, such as sulphur dioxide, engine fumes (such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide), and leaks from gas bottles, fuel tanks, sewers, drains, gas pipelines, and LPG tanks, can all collect in tunnels and excavations. When employees are present in a confined excavation such as a trench, plant that employs a combustion engine (e.g. air compressors, electrical generators) should never be employed. Exhaust gases, notably carbon monoxide, can accumulate in the excavation and cause death. Ventilation systems aid in the maintenance of proper oxygen levels and the diversion of flammable gases, fumes, and certain dusts, such as coal and sulphide, which can burn if they exceed their explosive limits. Mechanical ventilation can also control air temperature and humidity while reducing dust, odours, and dangerous particles. A qualified individual should design the ventilation system to ensure adequate ventilation levels throughout the excavation (e.g., a tunnel) throughout construction. This could involve additional localised extraction ventilation to deal with dust, heat, or fumes produced by the excavation process, as well as the operation of major plants or other operations, and plant maintenance. To ensure enough air supply to the working face, the design should allow for the addition of ventilation equipment or ductwork as the excavation continues. Other methods of controlling the risks associated with atmospheric contamination include: • Pre-start checks of atmospheric conditions • Using gas monitors including workers’ wearing personal monitors near their airways • Ensuring adequate ventilation (either natural or mechanical) • Working in pairs, with one person as a safety observer at the surface to monitor conditions • Ensuring familiarity with rescue procedures • Using PPE. The weight of excavated material may overwhelm the sides of a trench if it is put near to a trench owing to barriers such as fences, houses, or trees. In this situation, the ground support system at these sites should be tightened, and barriers such as toe boards may be required to keep the debris from falling into the excavation. Manual work In soft soils, manual excavation methods are typically employed for small, shallow excavations (less than 1.5 metres deep). Workers should be kept sufficiently separated when working in close quarters to avoid damage from picks or other hand instruments. This is especially true while working in trenches or small excavations. Preparatory drilling and the use of hand drills may raise the risk of musculoskeletal problems, such as those linked to vibration exposure. For further guidance on controlling the risks of musculoskeletal disorders, refer to the Code of Practice: Hazardous Manual Tasks: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/doc/model-code-practice-hazardous-manual-tasks

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 41 of 86 Noise The Regulations, Division 10 – Noise, outlines what must be done to protect workers from the dangers of excessive noise at work. The following are the Approved Codes of Practice under the OHSW Act: • National Code of Practice for Noise Management and Protection of Hearing at Work • AS 1270: 1988 Acoustics – Hearing Protectors. The Codes require all workers to be protected from the risk of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) during their work. If no engineering solution is available, either ear plugs or ear muffs can be used. Using hammers on metal during the building or takedown of formwork can result in exceptionally loud metal on metal impact noises. Because of its high impulsive noise level, such noise might cause immediate hearing impairment. Other loud noises, such as those produced by a circular saw, might gradually damage a person's hearing over time if exposed to them on a frequent basis. The use of the hearing protectors must be enforced where a risk assessment identifies them as the preferred option to control the risk. Construction site management frequently requires all workers to wear hearing protection at all times. Hearing protectors are frequently the sole choice for NIHL protection during formwork activities. Dust and atmospheric contaminants Division 17 – Ventilation of the OHSW Regulations describes obligations that must be met for atmospheric contaminants, including silica dust. While concrete is not a dangerous material in and of itself, formwork procedures can produce large levels of silica dust. Silica dust is a dangerous substance that is produced when power tools are used to cut, grind, chip, scrape, crush, or blast concrete. When dismantling building equipment or doing demolition work, silica dust might be formed to a lesser extent by sweeping or cleaning. The visibility of dust is not always an appropriate indicator of the level of risk. On building sites or other earthworks sites, highly visible dust produced by earthmoving equipment is unlikely to contain harmful quantities of respirable silica dust. Other activities, on the other hand, may produce dangerous levels of silica dust, even if it is hardly visible. All reasonable steps must be taken to minimise the exposure to silica dust. Silica dust that is generated during formwork can be controlled by: • Using dust extraction or a wet process as a dust suppressant engineering control • Providing respirators (as a last resort) where dust is likely to exceed permissible levels. Housekeeping – access and storage Formwork construction creates a dynamic work environment with limited access through frames and formwork supports, as well as enormous amounts of material and trash. As a result, it is necessary to review housekeeping procedures on a regular basis in order to maintain a safe and productive workplace. Include cleanliness as an important part of any job, whether through work instructions, regular workplace inspections, or site/task induction training. Instructions should provide time and resources for cleaning up work areas in stages to avoid trash and redundant materials becoming a trip hazard and to allow safe access for mechanical aids.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 42 of 86 Access and egress Division 1 – Access and egress – of the OHSW Regulations requires that there be unobstructed access to and from the workplace. For the safe transportation of supplies, equipment, and anyone on-site, clear access is essential. Access points should be clearly marked, and anybody on site should be directed to utilise them. Any trash, plants, or items must be kept out of the access paths. Green hazard tape/bunting or other visual approaches can clearly highlight where access ways are situated in particular scenarios. This is especially critical when formwork frames are used to gain access. Emergency access and egress must be provided to all parts of the workplace. The following situations should be considered: • Stretcher access and egress • People carrying tools and equipment • Use of stairs • Provision of two means of egress at all times Environmental requirements Environmental requirements include: • Clean-up protection • Noise and dust • Vibration • Waste management. Fibre-cement sheets are made without the use of asbestos. However, a carpenter may be called upon to work on remodelling or repair jobs where asbestos sheeting may be present. Eaves lining was traditionally made of asbestos sheeting, and a tradesperson may encounter asbestos sheeting on a regular basis while working on remodelling or repair projects. A work-safe tradesperson will explore the most up-to-date methods for thoroughly and properly removing this hazardous material (for more information, check your state's work safety authority website or offices). All construction projects have the potential to have a detrimental environmental impact. More than a third of landfill waste comes from the construction industry, and the majority of what is discarded could be reclaimed. Even though setting out tasks have a relatively low impact on the environment, you’ll still need to: 1 Remove general waste 2 Discard, reuse or recycle any materials you use 3 Use dust suppression techniques if the ground is significantly disturbed 4 Make sure your clean-up procedures and products do not damage the environment. You must be aware of your responsibilities with regard to the requirements of your state or territory Regulations and any existing site environmental management plan (EMP).

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 43 of 86 Environmental protection requirements Environmental protection requirements are part of every worksite – regulations/requirements are important to consider during the planning and preparation stage because you need to be aware of what type of work you are allowed to perform in the physical environment by law. Environmental regulations provide a guideline on what you can or can’t use, for example, using certain chemicals as they have a negative impact to both the physical environment and on human health. Another example is the way in which waste should be disposed of in order to avoid the adverse effects that waste can have on the environment. Make sure you check with your supervisor about what environmental issues need to be managed during your work. All environmental details should be listed in an ‘Environmental Management Plan’ for the site. It can include details for: • Waste management • Water quality protection • Stormwater management • Noise control • Vibration control • Dust management • Clean-up management There are various environmental protection regulations that are applicable. These include: • Environment Protection (Residential Noise) Regulations 2008 • Environment Protection (Industrial Waste Resource) Regulations 2009 • Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Regulations 2012 Violations to these regulations can be reported to the Environment Protection Authority Victoria (EPA), to the local council, police etc. Resource efficiency and waste minimisation Recycling processes and procedures help to minimise negative impacts upon the environment by saving the earth’s resources (oil, soil, water). Recycling reducing how much energy we consume, in addition to reducing pollution and minimising the effects of global warming. Always reuse and recycle materials where possible. See below for some examples of how materials can be reused: Concrete • Can be washed and used on other projects • Can be crushed and reused for road fill Bricks/Tiles/Glass • Can be cleaned and/or sold • Can be crushed and used as gravel, aggregate or road fill Aluminium/Plastics • Can be recycled into new products • Can be used on other projects • Can be sold or made into a new product Timber • Salvaged timber and wood products can be reused and recycled • Timber can be re-milled, de-nailed, sawn to size and turned into new timber products If materials can’t be recycled, it is important to dispose of the waste safely and appropriately. Placing signage around the workplace is a good way to remind others to recycle and to dispose of materials and waste appropriately. It is always important to follow your organisational policies for waste disposal.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 44 of 86 Re-use and disposal of soil Excess soil refers to the soil that has been excavated which either cannot or will not be reused at the site where it was excavated. EPA Victoria provides guidance on the appropriate re-use or disposal of excess soil to mitigate and avoid adverse effects on human and environmental health. Soil has the potential to contain contaminants such as chemicals and asbestos. Contaminated soils cannot always be reused – disposal methods adopted depend on the nature of the contaminated material. Some types of contaminated soils must either be disposed of offsite and professionally treated. For further information on the re-use and disposal of soil, visit https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/for- business/new-laws-and-your-business/manage-waste/waste-classification/managing-waste-soil Project Environmental Management Plan An EMP details the environmental management requirements to be followed. EMP should include: • The requirements for environmental management during the planning, implementation, evaluation and review of construction activities • The responsibilities for implementing this EMP • The Project Delivery Standards (PDS) including environmental controls to ensure that project objectives and targets are achieved • An overview of the environmental monitoring programs and contingency plans and associated management actions • The transition arrangements from construction phase to operations

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 45 of 86 Learning Activities Section 1 1.1 Identify the systematic process to manage the risks associated with excavation work. 1.2 What are the requirements of a SWMS? List 5.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 46 of 86 1.3 List 8 types of plant and equipment that may be used for excavation work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 47 of 86 1.4 List 10 discussion topics for consultation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 48 of 86 Section 2 – Locate excavation site and erect safety equipment Excavation route is located, and line and depth are established from site plans and instructions Setting out Trenches The initial task is to lay out the work's foundation. One of the new work's primary walls could be this one. Everything else will be laid out in reference to this, so get it right the first time. Take measures from two known points on your approved drawing to the first point on the base line, then mark the base line's initial end. Carry on with the process on the opposite end. Begin laying out the rest of the lines that will denote each of the walls once the foundation line is in place. It's crucial to lay out lines at right angles to one another. Always double-check your dimensions before laying down the lines, and make sure the diagonals of square and rectangular pieces are identical. This guarantees that the angles are exactly right. If the ground is on a slope, take measures horizontally rather than along the slope, as the results will be different. Keep in mind that the layout of the construction or extension must match the authorised drawings in the planning application. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Safety tool box talks: Trenching and excavation safety’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP046HTKjkU

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 49 of 86 Site pegs/profiles are used to identify service markers and to set out service points and the excavation limits are marked It's customary to create up profile boards once the lines have been established. These are flat timber planks fastened on pegs driven into the ground and spaced about a metre apart from the excavation's ends. This prevents them from getting in the way or being knocked. The foundation and brickwork boundaries are marked on the front of these boards so that a string line can be stretched between them to determine the shape of various items on the ground. Markings Marking in Paved Areas Excessive or large marking should be avoided, especially if it is done outside the excavation area. If the weather permits, type mark with spray chalk paints, water-based paints, or a less permanent alternative. Limit mark length, height, and interval to those suggested. The height of letters and digits must be between three and six inches. Marking in Non-paved Areas Use appropriately coloured stakes, lath, pennants, or chalk lines instead of paint. Choose marker types that are most suited to the task and the marking surface. To the degree possible, follow the paved area marking instructions. If any marking information is overlooked owing to site conditions, transmit the missing information through direct contact, signs, phone calls, faxes, and other means. Attached to the excavation permit are as-built drawings. Offset marks must clearly identify the facility or excavation's direction, distance, and course. Requirements for Excavation Delineation Delineate the area to be excavated. Delineated areas must be identified in white markings. Single-point Excavations Use dots or dashes, or a continuous solid line, to demarcate the specific area of excavation. Each dash should be around six inches long and one inch wide, with interval spacing of at least four feet. Dots with a diameter of about one inch are commonly employed to denote arcs or radii, and they can be used instead of dashes at closer intervals. Limit line width to one inch.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 50 of 86 Trenching, Boring, or Other Continuous Type Excavations Mark the proposed excavation's centreline with six-inch-by-one-inch arrows (about four feet apart) to show the excavation's direction. Mark at important areas with a maximum mark separation of about 50 feet for digging or continuous activities where marked paving is not to be removed. Mark lateral excavations with arrows pointing in the direction of excavation from the centreline, as well as markers at the kerb or property line if they are crossed. In three-inch to six-inch high figures, indicate excavation width on either side of the centreline. Curves and shorter intervals can be marked with dots. 1 Marks must be placed on either side of the facility to define the hand dig area, defined as the width of the facility itself plus the tolerance zone of 36 inches on all sides of the facility. 2 Changes in direction and lateral connections must be clearly indicated at the point where the change in direction or connection occurs, with an arrow indicating the path of the facility. A radius must be indicated with marks describing the arc. 3 Structures, such as vaults, that are physically larger than obvious surface indications, must be marked so as to generally define the parameters of the structure. 4 Termination points or dead ends must be indicated as such. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Mini excavation Sydney, Australia’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnB10PCocnY

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 51 of 86 Colour Codes and Identifiers Colour Colour name Item Red Electric Yellow Gas/ Oil/ Steam/ Chemical Orange Communications/ CATV Blue Water Green Sewer/ Storm drain Purple reclaimed water Pink Temporary survey White Proposed excavation Common Marking Identifiers Abbreviation/ Acronym Item CA Compressed air CTWR Cooling Tower Water Return CTWS Cooling Tower Water Supply DW Domestic Water E Electric FO Fiber Optic G Gas HWR How Water Return HWS Hot Water Supply S Sewer SD Storm Drain

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 52 of 86 Excavating Foundations Determine the best working sequence. Much will be determined by whether you dig by hand or using a little digger. If feasible, work backwards away from the building with a tiny digger like the one pictured so that the machine is sat on firm ground at all times. Steel plates must be put over the trench spanning enough to be fully supported by the ground on both sides if the machine is to be employed over an existing part of the excavation. Steel plates, such as those shown covering exposed roadworks and capable of supporting the digger, can be rented. Keep an eye out for subterranean services such as sewers and cables as the excavation work progresses. If any are discovered, immediately cease work and make the area safe before proceeding. Failure to do so could lead to costly and time-consuming consequences. The bucket used on the mini digger in the pictures is 600mm wide - the appropriate width for the foundations to be excavated. Gradually excavate to the required depth, taking a modest layer of soil away with each pass. The excavated soil can be deposited from the bucket to a spoil heap or be taken straight to a skip. When digging by hand, the spoil can be loaded straight into a barrow and removed from the area. As the depth of the foundations progresses pay attention to the sides of the trench. These should be vertical and straight. Firm soil will hold up well but areas of loose soil can result in the sides of the trench collapsing. If there is a risk that the sides will fall away, suitable support will need to be positioned to allow work to continue. Alternatively, the trench may be dug with angled sides so that the soil is raked back and is self- supporting. The big disadvantage with this is, of course, that much more material needs to be excavated and, consequently backfilled. The depth of the excavations should be checked at regular intervals. This can be done with a steel tape or depth rod either from known levels, or from string lines between the marked finish levels on site pegs. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Episode 26 Excavation’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Rvkf8vy7hc

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 53 of 86 Temporary drainage system is established to divert surface and sub-surface water from excavation Site excavation and diversion/catch drains Why is it important? Sediment in our waterways pollutes our creeks, lakes and rivers and has a major impact on water quality, aquatic plants and animals. Tips to minimise wastewater: • Identify trees and vegetation areas to be kept. • Avoid clearing vegetation and excavating until building commences. • Divert upslope water around the worksite and ensure dirty water does not leave the site. Who is responsible? The developer/builder is responsible for ensuring that erosion and sediment control measures are in place before work begins and are properly maintained during the construction process. Ensure that all employees (including subcontractors, delivery drivers, and others) are informed of their pollution-reduction obligations. Keep vegetation Vegetation helps protect the soil from the effects of rain and surface water by: • Acting as a cushion. Raindrops are unable to move soil particles when they hit the surface • Slowing the flow of water across the ground. Fast flowing water is able to carry more soil particles off site. • Roots holding the soil together so it cannot be moved. • Grassed areas acting as a filter by trapping soil particles. Determine which patches of vegetation will remain on the property. To help avoid future harm to the site's surface, rope off or fence the plants and grassed areas you want to maintain. Protect regions along the boundary, drains, and gutters, as well as areas where surface water flows may transport material away from the property. Diversion/catch drain The volume of water that travels across a sloped surface is reduced by diversion/catch drains. A diversion/catch drain prevents water from flowing upslope across your property. On the top side of the block, dig a trench. The trench should be around 150mm deep and curved. The slope of the trench should be less than 5%. Water must be managed on your property and not discharged elsewhere.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 54 of 86 Early downpipe connection As soon as the roof is installed, connect the downpipes to a rainwater tank or the stormwater system. Use a temporary connection, such as flexible tubing or another temporary connection, if this is not practicable. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘How to join down pipes together (Shed or house)’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8b2xrORfrUU Connecting downpipes to a rainwater tank or the stormwater system has a number of benefits: • Less drainage problems on site • Less mud on site after rain • A safer site and • Less downtime after storms, so projects get finished sooner Pipe roof water onto a grassed area If you don't have access to a rainwater tank or a stormwater system, pipe the water away from the building to a vegetated area or a location with good ground cover. There must be no disposal of water off-site. This lets water seep into the ground with less damage to the surface of the soil. REMEMBER: It is illegal under the Environment Protection Act 2017 to allow garbage (including soil) from your construction site to enter the stormwater system. The fines can range from $100 on the spot to $50,000 in court fines, six months in jail, and a criminal record.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 55 of 86 Service markers or taped areas are identified and damage or interference with underground services avoided Have all underground services been located? Make sure you know where any underground electrical cables, gas lines, water, sewerage, and telecommunications cables are before you start digging. Site plans and drawings should not be relied on exclusively since they are not always accurate or complete. Seek assistance from local distribution and service providers. Electromagnetic locating The most common approach for detecting subsurface assets consisting of or containing conductive elements such as steel or copper is electromagnetic finding. This approach of locating infrastructure assets such as water, natural gas, fuel lines, electricity, and telephone would be used. To use the electromagnetic technique to detect these assets, a radio frequency is generated onto the asset, which is then conveyed by the conductor throughout its length and detected above ground with a radio frequency antenna. Electromagnetic locating, when used correctly, can be a safe and reliable method of locating the most prevalent subsurface assets. It can also be used in conjunction with other techniques to determine the approximate position of subsurface structures, such as ground penetrating radar and vacuum excavation. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Service lo cation and hydro excavation at Melbourne Train station’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PO4y9wYGYW4

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 56 of 86 Locating and marking practices The Australian Standard Classification of Subsurface Utility Information (SUI) - AS 5488 recommends the utility code and line colour for each sub surface utility type. It is a ‘mapping’ standard that specifies requirements for recording the details of newly installed utility infrastructure that should be applied during the design and construction phase. It also recommends these standard practices be used for maintaining existing records of subsurface utility assets, networks and infrastructure. The codes and colours AS 5488 recommends will facilitate easier identification of different subsurface utilities on plans, electronic versions and in the field. It recommends standard marking symbols and colours to be utilised to clearly indicate: • What the infrastructure asset is (i.e. gas, water, telecoms, and sewer etc). • What infrastructure asset is presented (number and size of pipe work, orientation if available). • The direction of the infrastructure asset • The suggested depth of the underground asset. While Dial Before You Dig encourages asset owners to apply the Australian Standard Classification of Subsurface Utility Information (SUI) - AS 5488, not all have. When identifying infrastructure assets, it is recommended that organisations or excavators representing an organisation continue to use the Four Ps of Safe Excavation and/or use a qualified locator. Source: https://www.1100.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Best-Practice-Guide-for-Locating- Underground-Services.pdf (Supplementary Document) https://www.1100.com.au/

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 57 of 86 Learning Activities Section 2 2.1 What should you watch out for when starting excavating work? 2.2 List 3 ways to minimise wastewater. 1 2 3 2.3 What are the benefits of connecting downpipes to a rainwater tank or the stormwater system. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 58 of 86 Section 3 – Dig excavations Excavations are safely dug with hand tools to ensure correct route, line and depth, and that procedures are used to minimise risk to self and others. Excavations include: • Extension of existing structures, to provide provisions for new services and to modify or repair existing services • Provisions for footings/slabs to new structures • Shoring (timber, metal or piling) • Those being undertaken on sloping ground, flat ground, wet ground, dry ground, loose ground or any type of foundation material, with mechanical assistance possibly required for rock • Trench/excavation support using sheet material. The type of excavation work being done will influence how an excavation method and a safe work system are chosen. When planning work that requires anything other than shallow trenching and tiny amounts of material, health and safety should be taken into account. Manual work In soft soils, manual excavation methods are typically employed for small, shallow excavations (less than 1.5 metres deep). Workers should be kept sufficiently separated when working in close quarters to avoid damage from picks or other hand instruments. This is especially true while working in trenches or small excavations. Preparatory drilling and the use of hand drills may raise the risk of musculoskeletal problems, such as those linked to vibration exposure. Refer to the Code of Practice: Hazardous Manual Tasks for more information on reducing the risk of musculoskeletal problems. Trenching Depending on the work environment and qualities of the excavated material, a combination of these management approaches may be the most effective. To avoid collapse due to localised vehicle movement in built-up areas or roadways, the excavation may need to be entirely or partially sheeted or supported. Where a worker enters a trench and there is a risk of engulfment, these control measures should be implemented regardless of the depth of the trench. To offer information on the stability and safety of a trench excavation, a geotechnical engineer's report may be necessary. Details of the soil conditions, any shoring or trench support requirements, dewatering requirements, and any longer-term consequences on the excavation's stability and safety should all be included in the report. Any support systems should be designed by a qualified person (e.g., an engineer), and additional ground collapse control measures, such as trench shields, should be selected by a competent person (e.g., an engineer). If a geotechnical expert certifies that all sides of the trench are secure from collapse, shoring, benching, and/or battering may not be required. Any advice should specify the time frame for which it is valid, and it may be subject to the caveat that certain natural events may result in a danger of collapse.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 59 of 86 Preparation and excavation Bulldozers, scrapers, excavators and other types of earthmoving equipment are commonly used for either preparing work areas prior to trenching or for the trenching work itself. Some trench excavations will necessitate manual labour, such as hand pruning. Trimming can often be done from outside the trench by shovelling or pushing the debris to the bottom of the excavation using a long handled tool or shovel, where it can be gathered up by the excavation plant. Falls and operating with powered mobile plant pose risks that must be managed. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Preparing for an excavation’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6UVF0Y7D9U Tunnelling The nature of tunnelling work is complex and highly specialised, requiring high levels of engineering expertise during the planning, investigation, design and construction stages.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 60 of 86 Design Safe tunnel construction depends on adequate pre-construction engineering investigation of the ground and site and accurate interpretation of the information obtained. Designers should: • Obtain or be provided with all available relevant information • Be advised of any gaps in the information for planning and construction • Undertake or be involved in data acquisition for the site investigation program • Have on-site involvement during the engineering investigation. The information obtained from the engineering investigation and the anticipated excavation methods should be considered in preparing a tunnel design. The design should include: • Details on the tunnel dimensions and allowable excavation tolerances • Temporary and final support and lining requirements for each location within the tunnel • Details of expected tunnel drive lengths and location of shafts • Any other requirements for the finished tunnel Information about excavation methods and ground conditions should be included in the design. This permits the design to be revisited if a different excavation method is chosen or if the ground conditions alter from what was anticipated as the excavation progresses. To obtain a safe design for construction reasons, the design must take into account the construction methods that may be utilised to construct the tunnel. Tunnelling hazards and risks Common hazards and risks in tunnel construction generally relate to the confines of working underground including: • Tunnel stability – rock or earth falls and rock bursts • Changing ground conditions – strata and stress fluctuations • Limited space and access, with possible confined spaces involved • Air contamination or oxygen depletion • Fire or explosion • The use of fixed and powered mobile plant • The interaction of people and powered mobile plant • Temporary electrical supplies and circuits, including loss of power for lighting and ventilation • Compressed air use and high pressure hydraulics. • Large scale materials and equipment handling • Overhead seepage, ground and process water • Uneven and wet or other slippery surfaces • Falls of people or objects • Contaminated groundwater • Ground gas and water in-rush • Noise • Vibration • Heat and humidity • Ground loss or settlement at surface level • Hazardous substances Control measures include: • Ground support, for example tunnelling shields, mesh, rock bolts and shotcrete. • Appropriate fall protection, for example temporary work platforms • Plant and vehicular traffic management systems • Regular plant maintenance • Pumps or dewatering systems to remove ground water, and • Mechanical ventilation to control airborne contaminants and air temperature/humidity • Dust extraction • Plant fitted with water scrubbers • Plant fitted with catalytic converters • Provision of breathing equipment when a hazardous atmosphere is present and cannot be effectively ventilated by external means.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 61 of 86 Support Controlling the risk of a collapse or tunnel support failure requires using support appropriate for the job. All tunnelling excavation should be supported. Shafts are frequently built to allow tunnel access or ventilation. Shafts that are somewhat shallow can be sunk for foundation investigation or construction, dewatering, or providing access to subsurface infrastructure. Shafts are designed and built in a variety of ways, depending on their purpose and the local environment. They might be vertical or sloping, lined or unlined, different shapes, and excavated using different methods. Shaft sinking entails excavating a shaft from the top and providing access and spoil removal. Other methods of construction include raise-boring, which is a technique for building a shaft (or raise) where underground access has already been provided. Raised bored shafts can be from the surface or from one horizon to another underground. The method can be remotely executed, not requiring people to enter the shaft. Access to shaft holes should be restricted by a secure cover that is locked and only accessible by a limited number of people. An alternative is to employ a suitable guard rail and toe-board with a gate for entry, with steel frames or sets of lumber holding the sides. In some circumstances, precast concrete or steel liners might be used to offer additional support. Because shafts might have unique characteristics, design and construction advice from a qualified professional (such as an engineer) should be sought before excavation and installation. Special ventilation facilities may be necessary in specific circumstances. Common hazards and risks involved in shaft construction include: • Shaft dimensions limiting work space, possibly including confined space work • The potential for ground instability for lifting and removing spoil • Falls and falling objects, including fine material and water from the shaft wall • Hoisting equipment (e.g. Winch, ropes and hooks) • Hoisting and winching people, materials, spoil and plant • Water inflow/inrush and dewatering • Airborne contaminants and ventilation • Confined space • Manual tasks • Hazardous materials • Fire or explosion • Inadequate communication systems • Mobile plant • Noise • Emergency exits

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 62 of 86 Control measures include: • Stabilising the ground at the head of the shaft and removal of spoil • Continuously lining or supporting the shaft • Providing appropriate fall protection, for example temporary work platforms • Providing and maintaining appropriate hoisting equipment • Installing dewatering systems • Installing mechanical ventilation to control airborne contaminants and air temperature/humidity • Isolating access to moving parts of plant and equipment • Guiding the working platforms and material • Avoiding overfilling material kibbles and cleaning kibbles before lifting • Closing shaft doors before tipping • Cleaning the spillage off doors, stage and any steelwork.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 63 of 86 One of the most important risks to avoid during excavation work is ground collapse. Ground collapse can happen suddenly and without warning, leaving a worker with little time to flee, especially if the collapse is widespread. Before aid arrives, a buried worker is likely to die of suffocation. A typical example of ground failure where material collapses onto a worker pinning them against the wall of a trench. Trench collapses of this nature can cause fatal injuries. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Level up 2021 – excavation & fall hazards’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gE_v_aZ-yCg

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 64 of 86 When planning the work and selecting appropriate excavation methods and control measures, it is important to consider: • The type and strength of the material to be excavated (e.g. Whether the ground is natural and self-supporting or has been previously backfilled) • The moisture content of the soil • If the ground is level or sloping • If groundwater is present • If there are any discontinuities or faults in the strata • If there are any other nearby water courses, drains or run-off that might affect the stability of the excavation • The work area and any access or operational limitations • The planned height of the excavated face • If vehicular traffic and/or powered mobile plant will operate near the excavation • If there will be other construction activity nearby that may cause vibration • Any other loads adjacent to the planned excavation (e.g. Buildings, tanks, retaining walls, trees) • If the need for persons to enter the excavation can be eliminated • Any underground essential services. Machine operator is assisted with excavation to ensure correct route, line and depth, and that correct procedures are used to minimise risk to self and others. Blind Spots The sight of ground employees or surrounding pedestrians, particularly those close to the plant, is typically severely limited for operators of powered mobile plants. The graphic below depicts some of the blind spots that excavation equipment operators face. The employment of 'Spotters' to ensure that the excavation is done safely and correctly helps to reduce dangers. Warning devices should be installed on powered mobile plants that operate near ground personnel or other powered mobile plants (for example reversing alarm and a revolving light). Before work begins, an effective communication system based on two-way acknowledgement between mobile plant operators and ground personnel should be created. Relevant workers should also be trained in the procedures involved prior to the work commencing. The system should stop ground workers from approaching mobile plant until the operator has agreed to their request to approach. Similarly, unless ground employees have informed the operator that they are aware of the impending movement, the system should prevent operators from moving plant closer than a certain distance from them. The blind areas of specific plant items should be familiarised by mobile plant operators and ground workers. Workers should be warned about the dangers of working near mobile plant during induction training, and proper supervision should be provided. High-visibility apparel should be provided to mobile plant operators and ground employees, and they should be forced to wear it.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 65 of 86 Source: https://www.worksafe.govt.nz/topic-and-industry/excavation/excavation-safety-gpg/

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 66 of 86 Operator Protection To prevent the operator from being ejected or being struck by falling materials, powered mobile plant should be provided with an appropriate combination of operator protective equipment, such as an enclosed cabin and seat belts. Any earthmoving machine that weighs more than 1500kg (not including attachments) and is designed to have a seated operator must be equipped with an appropriate operator protection structure. Depending on the application, these can be in the form of roll-over protective structures (ROPS), falling object protective structures (FOPS), or both. Operating Near Excavations Powered mobile plant should not operate or go near the excavation's edge unless the ground support system has been developed to carry such weights by a qualified person. Plant movement near an excavation can be restricted by physical barriers such as wheel stoppers. Inspection and Maintenance To ensure the safe operation of mobile plant used on excavation work, whether rented, hired, or owned, regular planned inspection and proper maintenance must be carried out in line with the manufacturer's instructions. Mechanical and electrical testing should both be carried out. The following checks should also be carried out: • Daily pre-start checks by the plant operator on the general condition and maintenance of the plant, and • Regular inspections of the plant by a competent person in accordance with the manufacturer/suppliers specifications or relevant Australian Standards Trench/excavation support is installed where specified by job specifications and regulations Are workers protected from trench collapse? Allow workers to enter a trench or shaft that is more than 1.5 metres deep only if it has been properly beaten back, shored, or the workers are entirely protected under a trench shield. Shoring should never be installed from below; it should only be done from above. All ground support timber should be at least F8 grade hardwood. Softwood should never be used since it can fail suddenly and without notice, but hardwood will begin to creak loudly when it becomes overloaded, alerting employees to exit the trench immediately. Make sure all workers in excavations always wear safety helmets.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 67 of 86 Excavated material and loads near excavations Mechanical equipment, vehicles, material storage (including excavated material), and any other heavy loads should not be positioned in the excavation's "zone of effect." The ground support system built was designed to carry such loads by a competent individual, such as a geotechnical engineer. The zone of influence will depend on the ground conditions. It is the zone in which there may be an influence on the excavation including possible ground collapse. Example: • An excavation with shoring that has been designed to carry vehicle and material loads – this may be required where there is limited space around the excavation for vehicle movement and/or material storage, and • An excavation with shoring that has been designed only to carry the load of the excavated faces and the related zone of influence Any material will add weight to the space in which it is installed. It is critical that supplies are not placed or stacked near the excavation's edge, as this could endanger those working there. The placement of debris at the edge of an excavation, for example, may cause the excavation's side to collapse. Excavated or loose debris should be stored away from the excavation to prevent the risk of earth collapse. Excavated materials should be removed from the zone of influence. Alternatively, a ground support system should be built and constructed to handle any additional stresses, such as ground water pressures, saturated soil conditions, and saturated materials. If excavating in sloping ground decide which side of the excavation to place the excavated material. Things to consider include: • Ground conditions • Access to the excavation • Existing underground services • The need for earthmoving machinery or vehicles to work or move along beside the excavation. • Service installation and backfilling requirements, and • Any manual work being undertaken in the excavation Placing material on the lower side of the excavation will reduce the effective height of the excavation and the risk of material falling or being washed into the excavation. Excavation is cleaned free from loose material with hand tools and according to job requirements and instructions Preparation and Excavation Bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, and other earthmoving equipment are frequently used for either prepping work sites prior to trenching or trenching. Some trench excavations will necessitate manual labour, such as hand pruning. Trimming can often be done from outside the trench by shovelling or pushing the debris to the bottom of the excavation using a long handled tool or shovel, where it can be gathered up by the excavation plant. Falls and operating with powered mobile plant pose risks that must be managed.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 68 of 86 Excavating Foundations Before beginning any excavation work, make sure to prepare ahead of time and consider the safety issues, especially any potential hazards such as underground services and cables. Excavation Depth Deep strip foundations, such as those for new homes, are usually around a metre deep. The planned depth will be marked on the work drawings, but site conditions may necessitate them to be deeper than originally intended as the project progresses. The Building Surveyor will look over the excavation to see if the foundation is strong enough to support the weight. The proximity, height, and species of any trees, as well as the volume change potential of the soil, will all be taken into account. Trees can absorb a lot of moisture from the ground around them, and if this isn't taken into account, the new work may sink. Watch the following You Tube video: ‘Calculating Volume Average depth’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgrTZTDq4ZY

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 69 of 86 Learning Activities Section 3 3.1 What do excavations include? List 5 things. 1 2 3 4 5 3.2 When should manual excavation methods be used?

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 70 of 86 3.3 Describe the 4 requirements of a designer. 1 2 3 4 3.4 List the 3 most common types of earthmoving equipment that are used for either preparing work areas prior to trenching or for the trenching work itself. 1 2 3 Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 71 of 86 Section 4 – Clean up Work area is cleared and materials disposed of, reused or recycled in accordance with legislation, regulations, codes of practice and job specification The condition of soil surrounding trenches and shafts can change quickly due to the soil drying out, changes in the water table or water saturation of the soil. Make sure the soil condition and the state of shoring, battering and trenches walls is frequently checked for signs of earth fretting, slipping, slumping or ground swelling. Where necessary, repair the excavation or strengthen the shoring system from above before allowing work below ground to continue. Tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and standard work practices Tools and equipment include: • Automatic levels • Brooms • Buckets • Crow bars • Hammers • Hoses • Laser levels • Levels • Measuring tapes and rules • Picks • Profiles • Saws • Set out pegs • Shovels • Staff • Straight edges • String lines • Wheelbarrows Inspection Before you start a job you must first check tools and equipment for damage or faults. For example: • With leads and cables – check for fraying or exposed wires, bent or loose plugs • With cutting edges and blades – check whether they are blunt or damaged • With metal components – look for corrosion or rust. If you find any faults, attach a repair tag and remove the equipment from use immediately. Report all faults on a worksite or in a workshop to a store person or supervisor. Damaged tools must be repaired but this should be done only by trained personnel. Some faults can be fixed only by a specialist or licensed electrician. Check the dates on inspection tags to make sure that power tools and extension leads are still safe to use and in accordance with R egulations. Make a note of upcoming inspection dates if they’re likely to occur before the next time the tool is used.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 72 of 86 Maintenance Regular maintenance helps to preserve the quality of tools, keep them safe and extend their lives. Doing a little maintenance each time you complete a job or project can prevent costly and time - consuming repairs or replacement. Maintenance, which should always be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and guidelines, includes: • Sharpening chisels, planes and saw blades • Replacing damaged or worn components e.g. blades, belts • Cleaning or replacing air filters, etc. Storage of tools, plant and equipment Theft is a big problem in the construction industry – particularly the theft of tools and construction equipment. Good quality construction equipment is normally really expensive, and pretty easy to conceal once it’s stolen. Likewise, building materials left out in the open on construction sites also have the potential to be removed late at night by opportunistic thieves. Many professionals have heavy-duty lockable compartments on their Utes or vans for storing tools, but huge equipment is sometimes more practical to leave on site. Builders will frequently use a special lock-up container on the job site to keep goods secure and prevent them from being harmed by rain or severe weather. Shipping containers and lock up storage boxes Perhaps the most practical and common way to keep tools and materials safe on a building site is to lock them safely away inside a shipping container. These containers come in all shapes and sizes to suit just about any site, and can be hired or bought and delivered directly to the site as they’re needed Special racks are installed in certain shipping containers to store piping and other long goods. Smaller lockable storage boxes are also available, which can be customised for a variety of uses and requirements

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 73 of 86 Learning Activities Section 4 4.1 List 10 pieces of tools and equipment used for excavation work. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.2 Describe the checks that should be carried out on excavation tools and equipment. Identify and describe 2 checks.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 74 of 86 4.3 Where could you seek advice from on the disposal of contaminated soil? Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 75 of 86 Further Reading Code_of_practice_-_construction_work (Supplementary document) NCC 2019 Volume Two (Supplementary document) Environment Protection Act 2017 (Supplementary document) https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/in-force/acts/environment-protection-act- 2017/004 Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (Supplementary document) Model-cop-managing-the-risk-of-falls-at-workplaces (Supplementary document) Model-cop-preventing-falls-in-housing-construction (Supplementary document)

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 76 of 86 Best-Practice-Guide-for-Locating-Underground-Services (Supplementary document) Code of Practice Hazardous Manual Tasks (Supplementary document) Excavation work Code of Practice (Supplementary document)

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 77 of 86 Learning Activities Record Unit of competency CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation Instructions for the Learner By signing the below, I hereby certify that the activities are my own work, based on my personal study and/or research. I have acknowledged that all materials and resources used have not been copied in part or whole, or otherwise plagiarised the work of other learning and/or other person. Instructions for the Trainer The Trainer is required to complete this Learning Task Record Sheet once the Learner has completed all requirements for the Learning Activities for this unit of competency, the Learner's work has been reviewed by the Trainer, and relevant feedback has been provided. Site: Learning Activity Satisfactory Date More evidence Date Learning Activities ☐ ☐ Context detail (Assessor to record) Attempt 1 ____/____/____ Attempt 2 ____/____/____ Attempt 3 ____/____/____ Appeals: If you receive a Not Satisfactory result you have the right to appeal. You have three assessment attempts. Assessor feedback to learner: The Assessor must write full feedback to the learner that is constructive and not generic. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____ Assessor Name: Assessor Signature: Date: ____/____/____

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 78 of 86 Simulated Learning Activities 1.1 In your simulated training environment complete the following task as a group. Excavating the Trench Plan a route that causes minimal damage. During the planning step, take your time to create a layout that matches your needs, avoids utility lines, and protects your valuable property. The supplies you buy should be enough to finish the trench if you plan well, and you won't have to change your mind once you start digging. • Trees, shrubs and other plants may suffer injury or die if their roots are damaged in excavation. Driveways, sidewalks, and structures can collapse if they are undermined. • Small plants, even turf grasses, can be removed and stored for replanting with proper care. Determine the depth your project requires . The trench's depth requirements (for example, the required depth of a utility line) is a factor in choosing excavation equipment and other materials. • Some plumbing systems are gravity operated, and require a slope so the waste or water will flow unaided to the discharge location. In this situation, you may find the trench will be deeper on one end than the other. Determine the type of soil you will be digging in . Excavating a straight, deep ditch will be difficult and risky due to sandy soils, loose stony soils, and damp, mucky stuff. In some cases, you may need to take additional steps to ensure that your project is completed successfully: Shoring: This method uses a support structure for your ditch sides to prevent them from collapsing and injuring people or undoing the digging you've already done before the job is finished. For example, in a small excavation, plywood sheets supported by poles could be used. Steel trench boxes or sheet piling could be used in large excavations. Any depth more than 0.91 m should be defended. Never enter a trench deeper than your waist if it is not shored up. De-watering: This helps to keep the soil stable while working by removing excess water. A well point system or a sock pipe and mud-hog style diaphragm pump can be used to evacuate the water as it seeps into the excavation. Benching the excavation: A deep vertical trench wall is at risk of collapsing if you're excavating on loose soil. Benching entails excavating the trench in levels or layers rather than a single deep trench, allowing the banks to support less material than they are capable of. These benches are normally 0.76 – 0.91 m deep and twice as wide, with intervals of 0.76 – 0.91 m. They do necessitate a lot of sidewall excavating, which can take up a lot of space. Keep in mind that it can still collapse the deeper the trench goes

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 79 of 86 Get the excavation equipment. Shovels, pickaxes, and other hand tools will suffice for minor excavations. Assist the mini excavator operator with excavation to ensure correct route, line and depth, and that correct procedures are used to minimise risk to self and others. Remove the topsoil. Depending on the depth of the topsoil layer, excavate 100 – 200mm of dirt. To avoid contamination, keep the dirt apart from other waste. To avoid compaction, make sure the topsoil heap does not exceed 1 – 1.5 m in height. For the same reason, either demarcate the topsoil heap or locate it away from frequent foot and vehicle traffic. • If the topsoil is going to be stored for prolonged periods of time, over-seed with non-invasive grass species to reduce erosion, or cover it with a heavy tarp or plastic sheet. • You may be charged fines if heavy soil or muddy water runs off your work site. Installing erosion control wattles or rolls can contain the water and prevent fines. These can be purchased at landscape and\or construction supply outlets Begin the digging. Start digging by aligning your personnel or equipment with the ditch line. Keep an eye on soil conditions to ensure that the trench embankments don't give way and cave in. Dig your first cut to the appropriate depth. If the trench needs to be "benched" (excavated in steps), dig to the depth of the first bench. Otherwise, dig the first section to the full depth of the trench. • If you need to bench, make subsequent entrenchments to the depth of each bench prior to digging deeper, so the banks of each bench will remain stable throughout the process. Keep the removed soil as far from the excavation as possible. Throw the spoil (removed soil) far enough away from you so that it does not obstruct your work in and around the trench. This will also keep the removed debris from overburdening the trench's banks or sides, which would put the trench at risk of collapsing. Move along the length of the trench as each section is excavated to the required depth. Check the depth with a laser level or builder's level where the grade is critical to ensure the finished trench will not require adjustments. • It is very difficult to 'walk' a piece of equipment back down an excavated trench. The heavy weight of the tools or machinery can increase the risk of collapsing trench walls. If you are operating equipment on your own, always keep it on undisturbed solid ground for as much of the process as possible. Check the completed trench. Recheck the depth of the trench along its full length once it has been excavated. Check the stability of the embankments, and finish any necessary smoothing or grading of the trench bottom in order to instal the material for which the trench was dug. Complete the project. For example, you may be removing an obsolete utility line, installing a new one, or installing a drainage system or sanitary sewer.

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 80 of 86 Backfill the trench . A gasoline-powered plate tamp, if you have one, will allow you to compact the soil as it is refilled in the trench. Backfilling in 200 – 250 mm lifts (layers) and compacting the material as it is deposited will limit the amount of settling that will occur once the project is completed for deep ditches. Replace topsoil as soon as all the spoil has been back-filled. To prevent topsoil from mixing with gravel in the trench, first lay down a strong geotextile barrier over the soil. Then, in the trench, restore the topsoil. This will result in fertile soil and simple re- vegetation without the use of expensive fertilisers. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 81 of 86 Simulated Learning Activities Record Unit of competency CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation Instructions for the Learner By signing the below, I hereby certify that the activities are my own work, based on my personal study and/or research. I have acknowledged that all materials and resources used have not been copied in part or whole, or otherwise plagiarised the work of other learning and/or other person. Instructions for the Trainer The Trainer is required to complete this Simulated Learning Task Record Sheet once the Learner has completed all requirements for the Simulated Learning Activities for this unit of competency, the Learner's work has been reviewed by the Trainer, and relevant feedback has been provided. Site: Learning Activity Satisfactory Date More evidence Date Simulated Learning Activities ☐ ☐ Context detail (Assessor to record) Attempt 1 ____/____/____ Attempt 2 ____/____/____ Attempt 3 ____/____/____ Appeals: If you receive a Not Satisfactory result you have the right to appeal. You have three assessment attempts. Assessor feedback to learner: The Assessor must write full feedback to the learner that is constructive and not generic. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____ Assessor Name: Assessor Signature: Date: ____/____/____

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 82 of 86 Self-Assessment Questionnaire – Carry out hand excavation 1. The control measures that are put in place to protect health and safety should be regularly reviewed to make sure they are effective.  True  False 2. A high-risk work licence is required to operate some types of powered mobile plant.  True  False 3. Which of the following materials are used for excavation work?  Nails  Clay  Pegs  String Line  Sheet Material Shoring (Timber and Metal)  Timber 4. Before digging starts, you must know the exact location of any underground electrical cables, gas lines, water, sewerage and telecommunications cables.  True  False 5. Safe tunnel construction depends on adequate pre-construction engineering investigation of the ground and site and accurate interpretation of the information obtained.  True  False

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 83 of 86 6. What is being referred to in the following image?  Operators blind spots  Safety  Where you should stand while machinery is being operated 7. Placing material on the lower side of the excavation will reduce the effective height of the excavation and the risk of material falling or being washed into the excavation.  True  False 8. The selection of barricades, barriers and or signage are determined following the completion of a risk assessment and the determination of Risk Category posed by the hazard.  True  False 9. There are no hazards or risks in tunnel construction  True  False 10. The use of ‘Spotters’ to assist in ensuring the excavation is carried out safely and as required helps minimise risks.  True  False

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 84 of 86 Self-Assessment Record Unit of competency CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation Instructions for the Learner By signing the below, I hereby certify that the activities are my own work, based on my personal study and/or research. I have acknowledged that all materials and resources used have not been copied in part or whole, or otherwise plagiarised the work of other learning and/or other person. Instructions for the Trainer The Trainer is required to complete this Simulated Learning Task Record Sheet once the Learner has completed all requirements for the Simulated Learning Activities for this unit of competency, the Learner's work has been reviewed by the Trainer, and relevant feedback has been provided. Site: Learning Activity Satisfactory Date More evidence Date Self-Assessment Questionnaire ☐ ☐ Context detail (Assessor to record) Attempt 1 ____/____/____ Attempt 2 ____/____/____ Attempt 3 ____/____/____ Appeals: If you receive a Not Satisfactory result you have the right to appeal. You have three assessment attempts. Assessor feedback to learner: The Assessor must write full feedback to the learner that is constructive and not generic. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____ Assessor Name: Assessor Signature: Date: ____/____/____

Learner Activity Workbook CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation V1 CPC Construction, Plumbing and Services Training Package © ATAR Design. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be produced, published, communicated to the public or adapted without permission. Page 85 of 86 Final Learning Participation Outcome Record Unit of competency CPCCCM2002 Carry out hand excavation The following record must be used to determine readiness for assessment after a Learner has completed all Learning Activities, Simulated Learning Activities, and the Self-Assessment Questionnaire, relating to this unit of competency. The overall outcome decision for this Learner Activity Workbook is to be recorded as either Satisfactory or Not Satisfactory. Learning Outcome S – Satisfactory NS – Not Satisfactory Learning Task CPCCCM2002 1. Learning Activities  S  NS 2. Simulated Learning Activities  S  NS 3. Self-Assessment Questionnaire  S  NS The overall outcome for this Learner Activity Workbook is:  SATISFACTORY  NOT SATISFACTORY Assessor comments: I hereby certify that the Learning Activities, the Self-Assessment Questionnaire, and Simulated Learning Activities, are my own work based on my personal study. I declare that I have spent ______ hours undertaking learning related to this unit of competency. Learner Name: Learner Signature: Date: ____/____/____ Assessor Name: Assessor Signature: Date: ____/____/____