BSAS 320 Module 8.2 Research Paper

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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University *

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Dec 6, 2023

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Reducing Error Through Training and Education College of Aviation, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University BSAS 320: Human Factors in Aviation Safety Mr. Roger Studenski Reducing Error Through Training and Education 1

Optimizing human performance and reducing aviation safety errors, particularly within the "Maintenance and Inspections" safety challenge, highlights the need for training and education. The aviation industry's maintenance and inspection career field has proven to be very hazardous. In the air transportation maintenance sector, the rates of workplace injuries and illnesses are notably high, at 6.7 per 100 full-time workers per year. This rate is higher than in several other industries, including transportation and warehousing at 4.5 per 100 full-time workers per year (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018). Learning Objectives To combat this high number of injuries training and education must be used to optimize human performance. There are three learning objectives. The first is to identify the hazards and implement measures to prevent accidents. This objective is the first step to accident prevention. It teaches maintainers and inspectors to identify and avoid common hazards and some not so common. The second learning objective is understanding safety procedures and protocols in the aviation industry. This objective is important because once a hazard has been identified safety procedures and protocols will need to be applied to extinguish the dangers or work around them to increase safety and still accomplish the task at hand. Understanding the procedures and protocols is paramount to increasing safety. The third learning objective is building effective communication and reporting skills. Using effective communication and reporting skills will allow inspectors and maintainers to communicate discrepancies in the workplace that put them at increased risk to upper management. This will give management the opportunity to reduce workplace hazards that they may not have been aware of. Once the hazards are eliminated management will see an increase in maintainer and inspector availability by reducing downtime due to injury that could have been avoided all along. 2

Content Delivery Design The content delivery will consist of a combination of training and education components. Training will be delivered through hands-on sessions, simulations, and utilizing mock aircraft components to demonstrate proper procedures and identify hazards. Hands-on sessions allow students to directly engage with aircraft components and maintenance equipment and will focus on skill development. Simulations will allow the training environment to recreate scenarios, allowing students to practice tasks and procedures in a controlled environment away from actual hazards. This method enables students to push into what-if scenarios they may encounter in the field. Using mock aircraft components or training aids students will really be able to hone skills and recognize early indications of poor practices. This section will focus on specific maintenance tasks, such as engine maintenance, electrical system checks, or structural inspections. Students can perform these tasks under the supervision of a qualified technician or instructor. Training will be used to develop practical skills that will be used in everyday aviation maintenance work environments. The education piece will be delivered through classroom sessions, guest speakers, and discussions focusing on human factors and the three learning objectives. Classroom sessions will go over actual regulations, safety standards, human factors in maintenance, and safety culture. Students will be able to understand the “why” of common practices and will understand the communication process within the aviation industry. The guest speakers portion enables experts and experienced professionals to share experiences related to aviation maintenance safety. The guest speakers can offer wide perspectives and real-world examples that can educate students outside of simulations and controlled environments. Discussions facilitate critical thinking for 3

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concepts, principles, and case studies related to aviation maintenance safety. It will also encourage students to analyze real-life incidents to understand root causes. Training Methods, Education Approaches, and Job Aids There are a variety of training methods available to accomplish the learning objectives. Approaches like hands-on training, simulations, and using training aids to demonstrate proper procedures and identify hazards can be used to teach practical skills. Hands-on training involves direct physical engagement with equipment and tasks, making it highly effective for skill development. It allows participants to practice real maintenance tasks in a controlled environment, enhancing muscle memory and proficiency. However, hands-on training requires access to aircraft components, maintenance equipment, and specialized facilities. It may also be difficult to replicate certain scenarios. Simulations replicate maintenance scenarios without the need for actual aircraft components. They provide a safe and controlled environment for practicing tasks, making them highly suitable for scenarios that may be too risky or expensive to simulate in real life. While simulations are effective for practice, they may lack the feedback of hands-on training. Training aids, such as checklists, diagrams, and digital resources, offer quick access to information and guidance during training and real maintenance tasks. In contrast, training aids are mainly reference materials, and they do not provide skills needed on their own. Educational approaches include classroom sessions that involve lectures, guest speakers, and group discussions. Classroom sessions provide a structured environment for learning, enabling instructors to cover a wide range of topics. They offer opportunities for interactive discussions and engagement with course content. However, classroom sessions are typically instructor-led, which may limit student efforts. The effectiveness of these sessions can vary on multiple variables such as the instructor's teaching style or the level of student participation. 4

Guest speakers bring real-world expertise and practical insights to the classroom. They can offer unique perspectives and share personal experiences related to the course topic. While guest speakers may have varying communication skills, and their availability can be limited. Their experiences in relation to the course content may also vary. Group discussions encourage active participation and peer interaction. They facilitate the exchange of ideas, collaborative learning, and critical thinking. In contrast, group discussions require effective facilitation to ensure that discussions stay on track and achieve learning objectives. They may not be suitable for all topics or students. There are many types of job aids available like checklists, Decision tables, and digital tools. These job aids are essential for quick reference during maintenance and inspection tasks, ensuring procedures are followed correctly (Coultis, 2019). Checklists are systematic lists of tasks or items to be completed in a specific order. They ensure that important steps are not overlooked in a process or procedure. However, a checklist may not provide contextual information or guidance and is not effective in some major decision-making processes. Decision tables organize complex decision-making criteria into a simple format that makes it easier to determine the appropriate course of action based on input conditions. While decision tables can be effective, they may become complex and difficult to read for large or highly variable decision scenarios and may not be as suitable for simple, straightforward decisions. As they would take longer to reference than make the simple decision. Selected Job Aid The selected job aid is a digital checklist accessible on tablets or electronic devices. This checklist is used during hands-on training and real-world maintenance and inspection tasks. It 5

will guide technicians through step-by-step procedures, ensuring critical steps are not overlooked. It will build a repeatable process for students and instructors alike. Measuring Student Success Student success will be measured through practical assessments, written examinations, effective use of job aids, and post-training performance assessments. Practical assessments will measure the student’s ability to perform maintenance and inspection tasks correctly during hands-on training. After hands-on training, a practical assessment will evaluate the student's ability to apply what they've learned. Assessments will mimic real maintenance tasks and emphasize safety protocols. Written examinations will assess the theoretical knowledge acquired during classroom education sessions. An assessment of the effective use of job aids will observe how effectively students utilize the digital checklist during practical tasks. Post-training performance assessments will monitor student’s performance in real-world maintenance and inspection tasks after completing the course to evaluate the application of knowledge and skills. Combining practical training, theoretical education, and the use of job aids, student success will be evaluated comprehensively, ensuring that they are well-prepared to address the maintenance and inspection safety challenge in aviation. Conclusion Addressing the challenges of aviation maintenance and inspection safety is a crucial task. The high rates of workplace injuries and illnesses in this sector highlight the urgency of implementing effective training and education programs. By optimizing human performance through a combination of training and education approaches, we can significantly reduce errors and enhance safety within this critical industry. Training is a controllable variable in the airline safety system. Training programs must now be designed for continuous change based on an ever- 6

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changing industry (Salas & Maurino, 2010). By combining hands-on training to develop practical skills with classroom education to teach theoretical knowledge and safety awareness, aviation maintenance safety training can offer a well-rounded learning experience. This approach ensures that students not only know how to perform maintenance tasks safely but also understand the principles and best practices that contribute to a culture of safety within the aviation maintenance industry. 7

References Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2018, April 30). Air transportation workers had a high rate of nonfatal workplace injuries and illnesses in 2016. https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2018/air- transportation-workers-had-high-rate-of-nonfatal-workplace-injuries-and-illnesses-in- 2016.htm Coultis, S. (2019, May 17). How to Create Effective Job Aids. https://waterbearlearning.com/create-effective-training-job-aids/ Salas, E., & Maurino, D. (Eds.). (2010). Human factors in aviation. Elsevier Science & Technology. 8

BSAS 320 Module 8.2 Research Paper

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