[G10_6617_PB_CVEN2101]

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The University of New South Wales School of Civil and Environmental Engineering CVEN2101 Engineering Construction Group Assignment 2 Engineering Report on Construction Processes and Equipment Project Location: Lot A1 & A2 Corner Botany and High Street, Randwick NSW Members: Full Name zID Email Contribution Daniel Mangion 5416888 z5416888@ad.unsw.edu.au 33% Gus Murray 5360082 z5360082@ad.unsw.edu.au 33% Ishwa Peduru Arachchige 5418974 z5418974@ad.unsw.edu.au 33% Term 2, 2023 1

Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Processes 5 Excavation: 5 Hauling: 7 Compacting: 9 Equipment 10 Excavators: 10 Trucks: 12 Rollers: 14 Discussion 15 Conclusion 21 References 22 Executive Summary This engineering report provides an assessment and discussion of the construction processes and furthermore the machinery that was utilised in the development of UNSW Health Translation Hub, providing context and the methodology of how such selected construction processes were undertaken on the site. Alongside the processes of the engineering construction the report divulges into the rationale as why certain selected 2

machinery was selected and its importance in the overall completion of the project. The report also allows readers to understand how factors such as the production rate and safety play a crucial part when using machinery and construction methods and provides how such factors can be improved upon to uphold the highest level of safety and efficiency throughout the project and identifies issues that are disadvantageous to the project and provides alternative options to better improve the processes and the machinery that was used. The construction site that has capital investment more than $30 million backed from the NSW health infrastructure on behalf of the Health administration corporation is located within the existing Randwick Hospitals campus on the corner of high street and botany street with the primary purpose of the UNSW Health Translation Hub to facilitate Collaborative research between the Randwick Health centre and the UNSW medicine and health faculty and bridge the gap between healthcare research and clinical application in its efforts to acceleration scientific discovery in healthcare solutions and ultimately improving patient care. The following engineering report dives into the three key engineering processes of excavation, hauling, compacting alongside three different types of machinery that were essential in completing their retrospective process and role. As such through analysing and documenting on how these three processes were ran along with the specific machineries that was chosen to complete these tasks in the construction of the UNSW translation Health hub it allowed for insightful feedback, providing improvements on the production rate and factor if safety which could be made in the future. For instance, it was noted that the hauling process could have been more efficient if size/model of the bucket on the excavator was increased as through implementing an larger bucket the excavator can carry more material when loading it onto the trucks, hence reducing the amount of repetitions that the excavator has to do when hauling with improves time-efficiently and furthermore reduces wear on the machinery. Another notable recommendation regarding the projects factor of safety, was to implement berms around the hauling pits and danger zones that are created due to excavations, to make sure trucks and construction workers don’t end up too close to the deep pits as trucks could possibility cause the surrounding ground to cave in due to the heavyweight of the machinery. The report also investigates the sustainability of the project and provides recommendations of how the project could improve its sustainability, one of which was to create an sustainable and comprehensive waste management plan as there's was little to none mention on such topic which is alarming as being an medical centre entails the notion that there will be large amounts of 3

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waste that has the potential of being recycled, furthermore an proper continuous monitoring program that can track the amount of water, energy and material consumption on an 24 hour basis was also recommended to injure that the health centre is optimise its use of every resource. The engineering report provides context, reasoning, and the importance of the select engineering processes and their retrospective machinery that was used however by analysing the project, recommendations and new insights were showcased in all departments of the projects from factor of safety to the efficiency of machinery allowing the reader to a holistic viewpoint of the UNSW translation health hub project. Introduction The construction site chosen is a collaboration project between UNSW and the NSW government health system, creating public infrastructure which is designed to allow students to work alongside researchers, addressing practical situations. The location of the site is Lot A1 & A2 Corner Botany and High Street, Randwick NSW. The 2500 square metre site is being constructed by HansenYuachen alongside the structural engineers, ACop consultants and being supervised by the MCB Group Suite, who are the principal certifying authority. The project is estimated to cost 250 million, with the construction of the building to be completed sometime in 2025 being an expansion of the Randwick Health Centre to provide a specialist health -related research and education facility to help ultimately grow the relationship between UNSW and RHC. The following Engineering report identifies and elaborates on the different construction processes and the retrospective machinery that was necessary for the construction of the UNSW Translation Health hub illustrating both practical and theoretical sense in the decision implementing certain machinery that were chosen for the project. This notion was future exemplified by the group members visiting the physical construction site location in the dates (13th June 2023, 25th June 2023, 17th July 2023, 21st July 2023) allowing for a better gauge of how productive and efficient the construction processes and chosen machinery was through our own eyes. The engineering report examines and presents its findings of how the production rate and safety of the selected construction process and equipment have been utilised and provides insight on how such processes can be improved upon by providing alternative methods of developments. Viewing the project through a holistic lens, the report was able to provide improvements in the overarching sustainability of the UNSW Translation health hub and 4

dives into the rationale behind such proposals areas of concern that ultimately can be presented to the construction applicant. Processes Excavation: Being in the demolition phase (NSW Government, 2023), excavation is paramount to progressing with the site preparation of the UNSW Health Translation Hub. During this time, excavation is required to clear and create a foundation so the building process can commence and for also transferring resources to other machinery by carrying the load. Using a front shovel (Schexnayder, 2018) on the excavator, (as shown in figure 1) the ground is being dug up to create space for the soon to be construction zone of the UNSW Health Translation Hub. Since, the site is so large (spanning 2500 square metres) there are many excavators fitted with the front shovel to assist with the process of clearing the pit for the building process. Within figure 1, it is also clear that before the excavation underwent, the site preparation was considered by placing jersey barriers around the whole pit as a safety precaution to prevent workers from falling into it. 5 Figure 1. Front shovel excavator

Transporting the bulk materials (Schexnayder, 2018) around the site requires the process of excavation as well. Using the loader excavator, the rock and earth excavated by the front shovels can be carried and transferred onto trucks for hauling. Figure 2. Loader filling truck with material Figure 2 demonstrates this process as the orange loader is emptying the earth that was excavated into the truck, which will be hauled to a new area within the site. The loading process requires a system to be followed, which is connected to the role of the front shovel excavators. Firstly, the front shovel must be used to excavate the earth and then create a stockpile of the materials it has gathered. Then using the loader, the material is gathered using its bucket to gather a large mass and load it onto the trucks. Figure 2 also demonstrates the safe distance precaution for distancing away from machinery by also utilising jersey barriers to prevent workers on foot from passing the region near the loader. Hauling: Hauling was a key Earthwork activity in the construction process of the UNSW Health Translation Hub project as the site was previously inhabited by residential housing and hauling encompasses the complete logistic of loading, transporting, unloading and removal of waste/debris whilst providing the needed materials and equipment that are need for the completion of the project. Hauling machinery for the construction site was industrial sized trucks and loaders were extensively utilised in the projects construction work that was necessary to transport and transfer earthwork, rubble, and waste efficiently in and out of the construction site. The machinery is especially critical in the progression of the project as it is situated in a compact urban area next to the already built medical infrastructure and 6

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UNSW hostels. This means that the truck sizes had to be in accordance with the size of the road, preventing larger machinery from fitting through the narrow roads that lead to the site. Hence, for optimal efficiency the machinery that was used in the construction was properly sized for the area which can be seen in the figure below. Figure 3. Truck entering the construction site. The hauling process of waste removal of the UNSW Translation health Hub was seen in the figure below where waste materials, excess soil from the excavation process was placed into a loading truck where it will be driven to either another site that uses recycled excess materials or a landfill site. This process is crucial as it opens more space as waste material and debris can take up large amounts of surface area, allows for waste recycling and reuse where salvaging and recycling materials can possibly lead to cost-efficient and provide a more sustainable construction process whilst also creating a safer working environment as removing waste materials, excess soils and debris can reduce potential hazards and obstructions. As seen in the abovementioned figure main two pieces of machinery that was used in tandem throughout the hauling process for the construction project was the excavators and loading trucks as the combination allowed for material delivery such as gravel, cement, timber steel and more building materials are brought to the site from external suppliers or storage yards and are distributed by excavators or crane trucks to their intended area within the construction site showcasing the importance of the hauling process in the completion of the project. 7

Figure 4. Hauling process on site. Compacting: Compaction is an essential process undertaken in many building sites in many differing environments. Compaction is completed using rollers. Rollers are heavy machinery which apply pressure to eliminate voids within the soil. Compacting and increasing the density of the soil will provide a stable foundation for further construction. A picture of a roller - a piece of equipment used for compaction - can be seen in figure 5. Figure 5. Roller compacting ground. Within the site a large pit was excavated to begin development on the foundation. Once excavation of the site down to the required level was completed, compaction was 8

undertaken to level and strengthen foundational soil for development to begin. Access paths for other vehicles down to the bottom of the site were also built, moulded by excavators, and finished/compacted by rollers. Compaction is completed by passing the vehicle over the aggregate sought to be compacted. Multiple passes are made to realign the aggregates in the ground, eliminating voids in the soil beneath. Generally, the more passes completed leads to a high density, more compacted soil. A study conducted by Y. Zhao et al, concluded that 2.7-3 passes are required to achieve a 96% degree of compaction at a thickness of 200mm (2021) of asphalt. Where degree of compaction is the ratio between measured dry soil density and the maximum in situ density of the soil under its current condition. Compaction is an essential process, necessary for almost all developments. Neglecting or improperly compacting can lead to issues such as settlement, flooding, ineffective drainage, and sub-optimal load bearing capacity. Settlement occurs when the ground's load bearing capacity is exceeded, and the soil compacts due to the load, resulting in downward movement of the surface. Ground of non-uniform density can also result in non-uniform settlement where downward movement only occurs in areas of low soil density. Flooding and ineffective drainage are also significant issues as changes in soil moisture content reduces the bearing capacity of soils, again leading to settlement. Equipment Excavators: Excavators can be utilised in multiple processes because of the many attachments the machinery can equip and unique models. This is evident in the UNSW Health Translation Hub construction site, which utilises different attachments for excavators to undergo many tasks. 9

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Figure 6 exemplifies the diversity of excavator equipment deployed in the site as in the one image we can see the use of a crawler-mounted front shovel and the use of a hoe excavator behind it in the orange. Figure 6. Diversity of excavators. The front shovel being crawler mounted (Schexnayder, 2018) allows the machine to operate better in poor conditions, such as muddy terrain, which is beneficial in the rainy season. Utilising the front shovel attachment, the excavator is useful in clearing the uneven ground (especially above track level) and due the arm almost counting for one-third of the weight, the claw operates with powerful force. Referring to the hoe excavator (Schexnayder, 2018) in figure 6, it is being used to dig up the earth below track level. Using the attachment to cover the weakness of the front shovel, the hoe excavator is most effective at clearing space below its position. This is due to the stick cylinder its arm has on top of all the attachments present in the front shovel. With this, the hoe excavator can extend its arm below the level of where the excavator is located. Finally, in figure 7, the loader specialises in loading trucks with the gathered materials of the other excavators. The attachment that makes the machine ideal for this role is the large bucket that allows for bulk of a material to be picked up at once. The bucket can be altered 10

to suit the material that needs to be gathered. In the case of figure 7, the general-purpose bucket is perfect for the job since its dirt being transported. Figure 7. Loader used for loading trucks. Trucks: Industrial Trucks were essential in the construction of the UNSW Translation Health Hub as it allowed for heavy material handling such as the movement of building material just as concrete, timber and steel whilst also being a key component in earthmoving, excavation and hauling as these trucks are used to deliver and remove excess solid and waste products away from the site. The Rigid-frame rear-dump-truck which can be seen below in the figure. Heavily utilised in the construction of this project as it is excellent in hauling various materials as the large dump-box can holds tonnes of building material or waste product which is essential component in the site construction process. The cargo body which can be lifted to a 45 degree is excelling in pouring building material onto the project site where it can be taken away to different sections around the site or when the cargo load is horizontal, excavators and loading can place excess solids or waste rubble into it to be taken away from the site. Without the rigid-frame rear-dump-trucks the construction process would not be able to start as the trucks are used from the demolishing/excavation phase all the way to the compacting phase where the dump-truck is used to deliver certain soils and gravel, hence being a core piece of machinery in the completion of the UNSW Translation Health Hub. 11

Figure 8. Rigid frame rear-dump truck. The Highway Rigid-frame rear Dump-truck was also another piece of machinery that was utilised in the completion of the UNSW Translation Health hub as seen below the figure below. This certain model of Dump-truck was specifically chosen for this project as ‘all- wheel drive, high clearance, and low-pressure radial tires’ are perfect for travelling through soft and sticky ground around the construction site. The highway Rigid -frame rear Dump Truck plays an essential part in the building process as it is the main source of transporting materials across the construction site as its cargo load can hold both free-flowing materials such as soil and gravel alongside bulky components such as large sandstone or waste products. Figure 9. Hauling process. 12

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Rollers: Rollers, a piece of heavy machinery, were used in the Botany and High Street site to compact soils and create stable access paths for other machinery. Rollers are most composed of a frame which, at the front holds the drum, and at the rear holds an engine. A cabin is situated on the top of the frame and the vehicle moves using the front drum and a large set of rear wheels, as can be seen in figure 11. Figure 10. Function of the roller. The most common use of rollers is compaction, although they may also be used for levelling or kneading of surfaces. Rollers are generally used at the end of the excavation phase of development, this is why they are categorised as finishing equipment. Different types of rollers can utilise pressure, vibration, kneading and impact to compact soils. In the Botany, high street site, vibratory rollers were used. Vibratory rollers apply pressure at a high frequency through a mechanical drum. Vibratory rollers are useful in the context of this site as they can densify soils to a deeper extent than other roller types. Vibratory rollers are best used for larger aggregates such as sand and gravel. They are not applicable for soils with high silt and clay content. Within the site coarse aggregates such as gravel and stone were used to create level slopes allowing other machines access to the building site. The soil present in the Randwick area is sampled as fine, then single, then coarse grained sand in descending order of depth (DPIE, 2023). For similar reasons given in the compacting process section of the report, rollers are essential in the context of this site to avoid future settlement. Non-uniform soil density or insufficient compaction causing reduced load bearing capacity of the soil will lead to settlement. Effectively using a roller will eliminate the possibility of this issue. 13

Discussion Enhancing the production rate and safety of the processes and equipment of the UNSW health translation hub could be improved through implementing several strategies. This can include considering the variables that will cause the production rate to rise or through introducing safety procedures that will decrease chances of time wasted on fixing errors. Excavators utilised in the site are standard issue, inferring the use of basic attachments. Indicating they operate at an average efficiency due to the machines being not modded and not specialised to suit the conditions of the site and weather. The production rate of excavators is found using the formula, P = C ×B×S×V ×E , where: - P is the production (LCM/h) - C is the cycles/hour - B is the bucket fill factor - S is the swing-depth factor - V is the bucket volume ( m 3 ) - E is the job efficiency. Considering these variables, the factors that will improve the production rate are the size/model of the bucket and excavator and the operator’s abilities. The size and model of an excavator’s bucket can greatly alter the time it takes to prepare a haul and dig, due to its influence on the bucket volume and the consequent bucket fill factor. Through utilising a larger bucket, (due the UNSW translation hub project being so large) the excavator can carry more material before having to load the trucks, reducing the number of cycles. With a larger bucket, the bucket fill factor will decrease as well due to its increased volume. An excavator's size and model contribute to the swing-depth factor, which is best operated at a swing angle of 15 degrees. Utilising a hoe excavator for deep-digging operations would be beneficial in this case, as they are attempting to create a pit. The operator’s abilities affect the resultant job efficiency and cycles/hour, influencing two variables that compute the 14

production rate. Hence, hiring the correct company of workers to take control of the earthwork process could cut the overall time taken to undergo the earthwork process. Figure 11. Safety factors for the excavation process. Considering the safety factors of the excavation process, evident in figure 11, the ground isn't perfectly flat, there are many obstacles like tarp on the ground and the pit isn’t completely barricaded. With the complexity of operating an excavator, in these conditions it is crucial that someone with experience takes the role to ensure the safety of them and everyone around them. To ensure excavator safety, they must be informed to not excavate deeper than 1.5 m without a shoring system and to also be aware that uniquely once excavators rotate 180 degrees, the movement direction will be reversed. Understanding these conditions can prevent possible injuries and mortalities that raise potential ethical, jurisdictional, and practical concerns with the project. Trucks utilised in the demolition phase of the UNSW health translation hub conduct the hauling of the materials around the site. Measuring the production rate of this process can be executed using the formula: P = C ×V ×E , where: - P is the production (LCM/h) 15

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- C is the cycles/hour - V is the truck tray capacity ( m 3 ) - E is the job efficiency. Hence, for trucks, the production rate is dependent on the operator’s efficiency and size of the truck. Hiring an effective truck driver will significantly boost the job efficiency and have a noticeable impact on the cycles/hour. Using their skills, it is possible to reduce the loading, hauling, dumping, and return time, notably increasing the cycles/hour (Schexnayder, 2018). Reducing the hauling and return time with their experience in determining the correct road speed based on its conditions. Also lowering the loading and dumping time by navigating around the support equipment when handling the load. \ Figure 12. Roads for trucks to drive on. For this construction site there are relatively flat roads to navigate through for the trucks as shown in figure 12. Potentially with an effective driver, the dump trucks could utilise a larger truck tray capacity to decrease the number of hauls necessary to transport the material such as the earth dug in figure 12. With bigger trucks it would also decrease the number of vehicles necessary and as a result the number of drivers as well. The level of safety associated with trucks on the construction site can be improved to ensure all workers are prevented from getting injured. An issue of concern is the distancing from trucks, due to driver’s low visibility when operating them. To prevent an accident occurring where someone is hit by a truck, it should be ensured that no one breaches 8ft near a truck. It is also possible for the driver to get injured due to the number of pits in the UNSW health translation hub. If a truck were too close in on one, the ground has the potential to cave in due to the heavy weight of the vehicle. Therefore, it should be a necessity to construct berms around the pit to stop trucks from moving close enough, where this becomes a risk. 16

A roller's productivity is based on the machine’s ability to compact the ground efficiently and effectively. The parameters that determine the effectiveness of this is through the formula: P = W ×S×T × E N , where: - P is the production (LCM/h) - W is the compacted width per roller pass (m) - S is the average roller speed (km/h) - T is the thickness of compacted layer (mm) - E is the job efficiency - N is the number of rollers passes required to achieve the required compaction. Using this formula as a guideline the performance of the rollers utilised in the UNSW health translation hub can be improved. Comparing these parameters to the roller operated on the site, as displayed in figure 13, the workers are utilising vibratory rollers. Figure 13. Roller used on site. Since, the earth’s crust is very strong and hard to compact, the vibratory roller is effective for the job as it utilises vibrations to be more effective in the densification of the granular soils countering the thickness of the compacted layer. This type of roller also covers a great width improving the compacted width per roller pass. However, due to the heavy drum, the vibratory roller is a very heavy machine causing the speed to be very slow, usually around 5 17

km/h (Kalantar, 2023). Hence, to improve upon the production rate of the rollers it is essential to hire more rollers to account for their weakness in speed. This is the only possible method due to the vibratory rollers being suited for the role of compacting on this construction site. Addressing the safety of rollers on the site, based off figure 13 it is clear the site is not kept very tidy, which is crucial for rollers due to their purpose in compacting the ground. Hence, before operating the roller the workers should monitor the area first, to ensure it is clear of rubbish and objects so the roller can operate without risk of safety. Sustainability of the project: Sustainability was a major factor in the construction of the UNSW Health Translation Hub which can be seen from the ‘Randwick Campus Redevelopment - UNSW Health Translation Hub’ environmental impact statement and its Secretary’s Environmental Assessment Requirements (SEARs) as the application is aiming for the “equivalent of 5 Star Green Star Design”. The MBC GroupSuite alongside the NSW government are looking to target the Ecologically sustainable development (ESD) invitations by providing sustainability measures like “Solar photovoltaic cells” to be used to power the health hub, “rainwater harvesting for reuse on site”, and aims to encourage the use of the nearby light rail by providing no additional car parking and improving pedestrian and cycling paths to and from the Randwick campus development area. However, there are still areas of that can be improved upon in the construction and planning of the UNSW Health Hub as there is little to none mention of developing a sustainable and comprehensive waste management plan from the applicant. The UNSW health hub can look to improve its sustainability by implementing a thorough recycling and waste separation program by setting up recycling stations across the hub to promote proper waste disposal and implementing waste monitoring systems that can assist in waste segregation. The UNSW Health Translation Hub can also look to its sustainability ranking by implementing continuous monitoring program that track sustainability metrics and provide areas that need to be improved upon which allows stakeholders to gather information and feedback which can be used for more sustainability initiatives. As this project as planned to hold many resource-intensive facilities that utilise large amounts of water, energy and materials and continuous monitoring metric can identify areas of inefficiently and hence allow the applicant to 18

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provide measure to optimise such resource, hence leading to an both a sustainable and a cost-efficient system. Improvements to the processes and equipment observed within the site The soils present in the Randwick region are typically high in sand content with clay gradually being introduced at a depth of 3 metres (DPIE, 2023). In figure 14 the pit can be observed to be greater than 3 meters in depth, meaning soils with high clay content are likely. Figure 14. Size of pit in the construction site. Vibrating rollers are not suitable for compaction of clay-rich soils. This is because vibrating compactors vibrate the soil allowing aggregates to fall into tighter lattice structures. Smaller soil constituents such as clay and silt stick to one another and form smoother more cohesive compounds. Tightly bound soils of smaller particle size are better compacted using impact force. A padfoot/kneading roller would be best for clay rich soils (K. Forestell, 2023). Excavator users who operated at the site are likely to only hold a RIIMP320F certificate (Conduct civil construction excavator operations). A potential action to improve efficiency and improve the process would be to hire and use specialist excavators. This would improve worksite efficiency as well as improving the overall degree of work conducted within the site, given the unique requirements of excavators within this development. 19

The only trucks observed within the site were double trailer trucks. While these vehicles have the largest capacity and minimise driver requirement, they have poor flexibility. It is difficult to meet fleet balance as less trucks leave less frequently due to the increased capacity of each truck (BRT planning guide, n.d.). The site has low available space to hold removed regolith, due to the high-density nature of Sydney infrastructure. A potential improvement would be to decrease the size of the hauling vehicles and increase the frequency to, and in turn, minimise the amount of removed regolith within the site at any time. Smaller trucks also benefit from higher average speeds, which improves the overall efficiency of the process. Conclusion The UNSW Translation Health hub situated at Botany and High Street is currently being developed into a state-of-the-art medical research facility. Once completed in 2025 it will provide an environment where students can work alongside researchers, addressing practical situations. The aim of this report was to observe the processes and equipment used within the site during development and evaluate their uses, while also highlighting potential improvements to the process. The processes observed within the site were largely earthwork oriented with excavation, hauling, and compacting all undertaken across June and July 2023. The equipment used to complete these processes were excavators, trucks, and rollers. The report also suggested improvements to optimize the efficiency and outcomes of the processes highlighted above. These improvements were to use multiple roller types based on the type of soils under compaction, decreasing the size of hauling vehicles to increase the size of the fleet and finally to employ specialist excavators for unique jobs. The report was also able to provide improvements in the overarching sustainability of the UNSW Translation health hub. References Department for Planning, Industry and Environment (2023), eSPADE soil map, [online] Available at: https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/eSpade2Webapp/ [Accessed 25 Jul, 2023] 20

Fu, M. (2021). UNSW Health Translation Hub | Planning Portal - Department of Planning and Environment. [online] www.planningportal.nsw.gov.au. Available at: https://www.planningportal.nsw.gov.au/major-projects/projects/unsw-health-translation- hub [Accessed 24 Jul. 2023]. Government, N. (2023). Notification of intermittent works - construction machinery and equipment deliveries . [online] Available at: https://randwickcampusredevelopment.health.nsw.gov.au/getmedia/daada45d-e4f5-48db- 81df-06886a91b691/DL-flyer-SCH1-HTH-early-hours-equipment-deliveries- (July-early- August-2023).pdf.aspx [Accessed 15 Jul. 2023]. Institue for transportation and development policy (n.d.), ‘6.4. Optimizing Vehicle Size and Fleet Size’, Availalble at: https://brtguide.itdp.org/branch/master/guide/service- planning/optimizing-vehicle-size-and-fleet-size [Accessed 28 Jul, 2023] Kalantar, M. (2023). Notice . [online] moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au. Available at: https://moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au/pluginfile.php/10228414/mod_resource/content/4/CVEN21 01-Module%208.pdf [Accessed 27 Jul. 2023]. Forestell, K. (2023), ‘Padfoot vs Smooth Rollers: Choosing the Right Compaction Equipment for Your Project’, Available at: https://dozr.com/blog/padfoot-vs-smooth-rollers [Accessed 25 Jul, 2023] Schexnayder, C.J. (2018). Shibboleth Authentication Request . [online] login.wwwproxy1.library.unsw.edu.au. Available at: https://www-accessengineeringlibrary- com.wwwproxy1.library.unsw.edu.au/content/book/9781260108804/toc- chapter/chapter9/section/section4?implicit-login=true [Accessed 27 Jul. 2023]. Training.gov.au (2023), ‘RIIMPO320F - Conduct civil construction excavator operations (Release 4)’ Available at: https://training.gov.au/Training/Details/RIIMPO320F [Accessed 28 Jul, 2023] Tudehope, K. (2021). Environmental Impact Statement . [online] Available at: https://majorprojects.planningportal.nsw.gov.au/prweb/PRRestService/mp/01/getContent? AttachRef=SSD-10822510%2120210506T071008.819%20GMT [Accessed 22 Jul. 2023]. 21

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Zhao, Y., Xie, S. et al (2021), ‘Prediction of the number of roller passes and degree of compaction of asphalt layer based on compaction energy’, Construction and building materials, vol.277, [Accessed 27 Jul, 2023] 22

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