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You Question 5 (25 Marks) In 2016, a 6-storey residential development construction began in close proximity to a two-storey commercial and residential property built in 1935. The older building's structural integrity became compromised due to errors and oversights during the excavation process for the new development. Despite warnings and clear signs of potential dangers, necessary precautions weren't taken, resulting in the partial collapse of the older building. Main Events: ▪ A principal contractor was responsible for construction management, which included demolition and excavation. ▪ Geotechnical and structural engineers were engaged for ground investigation and development of excavation plans, respectively. ▪ Noted plans indicated that the adjacent building’s foundation verification was essential and that support measures should be implemented. ▪ No direct supervision was provided over the excavation process by the principal contractor. ▪ Despite indications of risks, excavation proceeded, compromising the adjacent building's foundation. ▪ Emergency services were later called due to significant shaking and a potent gas smell emanating from the compromised building. ▪ By early morning, the building experienced a massive structural failure with the collapse of its eastern side. Activities During the Excavation Process are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Three activities considered in the above-mentioned scenario. No Activities 1 Comprehensive understanding and review of both structural and geotechnical engineering reports. 2 Drafting and disseminating a detailed excavation plan that takes into account nearby structures. 4 Executing the support mechanisms as recommended by the engineering evaluations. Based on the scenario provided and activities answer the following questions: (a) Based on the activities listed, identify the potential human errors evident in the provided excavation scenario. (5 marks) ChatGPT ChatGPT In the given excavation scenario, several potential human errors can be identified based on the activities mentioned. Here are some potential human errors:

Failure to Review Reports (Activity 1): The comprehensive understanding and review of both structural and geotechnical engineering reports is a crucial step in ensuring that potential risks and requirements are identified. If there was a failure to thoroughly review these reports, important information about the structural integrity of the older building and the risks associated with excavation may have been overlooked. Inadequate Excavation Plan (Activity 2): Drafting and disseminating a detailed excavation plan is essential to ensure that nearby structures, especially an older building, are taken into account. If the plan was not comprehensive or did not adequately consider the adjacent building's foundation verification and support measures, it could lead to errors during the excavation process. Neglecting Support Mechanisms (Activity 4): Executing the support mechanisms recommended by engineering evaluations is a critical step in ensuring the stability of nearby structures. If support mechanisms were not properly implemented or were neglected, it could compromise the foundation of the older building, leading to structural failure. Lack of Direct Supervision (Scenario Detail): The scenario mentions that no direct supervision was provided over the excavation process by the principal contractor. Lack of supervision can lead to errors in implementing the excavation plan and support mechanisms, as there is no oversight to ensure that procedures are followed correctly. Proceeding Despite Indications of Risks (Scenario Detail): Despite indications of risks and warnings, the excavation proceeded without taking necessary precautions. This could be considered a human error as there was a failure to respond appropriately to clear signs of potential dangers. Identifying and addressing these potential human errors could have played a crucial role in preventing the partial collapse of the older building. You For each identified error from the activities, estimate the Human Error Probability (HEP) using a method of your choice (e.g., SLIM). Provide reasoning for your estimates. (15 marks) Note: You need to select 4 main performance shaping factors affecting the operator performance (PSFs). You, as an expert, can assign any number required for these calculations; however, show your calculations in detail. ChatGPT ChatGPT To estimate the Human Error Probability (HEP) for each identified error, I'll use the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) method. HEART is a commonly used approach for estimating human error probabilities. It considers various performance shaping factors (PSFs) that influence operator performance. For each identified error, I will select four main PSFs and assign values to them. The PSFs include: Time Pressure (TP): This reflects the urgency of the task. The higher the time pressure, the higher the probability of errors. Task Complexity (TC): Complex tasks are more prone to errors. The higher the complexity, the higher the probability of errors. Operator Experience (OE): Operator experience plays a crucial role in task performance.

Less experienced operators are more likely to make errors. Equipment Reliability (ER): The reliability of the equipment used in the task. If equipment is unreliable, it increases the probability of errors. Now, let's estimate the HEP for each identified error: Identified Errors: Failure to Review Reports (Activity 1): ● TP: Moderate (0.6) ● TC: Moderate (0.5) ● OE: Low (0.3) ● ER: Low (0.3) ● HEP = TP + TC + OE + ER = 1.7 Inadequate Excavation Plan (Activity 2): ● TP: High (0.8) ● TC: High (0.7) ● OE: Moderate (0.5) ● ER: Low (0.3) ● HEP = TP + TC + OE + ER = 2.3

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