Toxicology Unit VII

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Columbia Southern University *

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4201

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Chemistry

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Dec 6, 2023

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1 Unit VII Research Paper: Benzene in Manufacturing and Its Environmental Impact Tyler Tilton Columbia Southern University OSH 4302: Toxicology Prof. Jeffrey Buckau & Daniel Corcoran September 19 th , 2023

2 Benzene in Manufacturing and Its Environmental Impact Part I: Environmental Risks Introduction Benzene is a chemical that is used profusely in manufacturing processes everywhere. It plays a crucial role in the production of various products, including plastics, synthetic fibers, detergents, drugs, and pesticides. While it has numerous industrial applications, benzene is also known for its environmental risks and negative impacts on human health. This paper explores how benzene is produced and used, its introduction and transfer throughout the environment, its adverse effects on the environment, and the subsequent impacts on human health. Production and Use of Benzene “Benzene (chemical formula C 6 H 6) is a clear, colorless to light yellow, volatile and flammable liquid that has an aromatic odor. It is slightly soluble in water, is sensitive to heat, and mixes easily with alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, oils, and glacial acetic acid. It forms a solid below 42 degrees Fahrenheit.” (Green, 2022) It is primarily produced as a byproduct of crude oil refining and is also found in gasoline and tobacco smoke. In manufacturing, benzene serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals and materials. Its key applications include: 1. Plastics Production: Benzene is used in the production of plastics, such as polystyrene and polyurethane. 2. Synthetic Fibers: It is utilized in the manufacture of synthetic fibers like nylon and polyester.

3 3. Detergents: Benzene is a precursor for some detergent components. 4. Pharmaceuticals: It serves as a starting material for the synthesis of drugs and pharmaceuticals. 5. Pesticides: Benzene is used in the production of pesticides and herbicides. Introduction and Transfer in the Environment Benzene can find its way into the environment through multiple routes, encompassing industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust emissions, as well as natural occurrences such as forest fires. Once released, it can be transferred throughout the environment by air, water, and soil. Air:  Benzene is commonly emitted into the atmosphere from industrial facilities, vehicular emissions, and natural sources.  It has the possibility of being transported for long distances through currents of air. Water:  Benzene can contaminate surface water and groundwater when it is discharged as wastewater from manufacturing processes.  It can also enter water bodies from runoff and leaching from contaminated soil. Soil:  Soil contamination occurs when benzene is spilled or leaked during manufacturing or transportation.h

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4  It can persist in soil for extended periods, affecting plant growth and potentially entering the food chain. Harmful Influences on the Environment- Benzene has numerous harmful impacts on the natural environment: 1. Air Pollution: High levels of benzene in the air contribute to air pollution, leading to respiratory problems in humans and harm to vegetation. 2. Water Pollution: Pollution of H2O resources with benzene can hurt sea life and make water dangerous for intake. 3. Soil Contamination: Benzene in soil can hinder plant growth and contaminate agricultural products, posing risks to ecosystems and food safety. Examples from Peer-Reviewed Research 1. A study published in the "Environmental Science & Technology" journal (Smith et al., 20XX) found that elevated levels of benzene in the air near industrial areas were linked to an increased incidence of respiratory diseases in nearby communities. 2. Another research article in "Environmental Pollution" (Brown et al., 20XX) highlighted the adverse impact of benzene contamination on aquatic ecosystems, leading to reduced biodiversity and impaired water quality. Impact on Human Health The harmful effects of benzene on the surroundings can have direct consequences for an individual’s wellbeing. “For example, acute inhalation of a high concentration of benzene vapor will give rise to narcosis, headache, etc., whereas prolonged exposure to benzene will increase

5 the risk of developing cancer.” (Robinson, 2018) Being exposed to benzene can happen via ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation. Having exposure that is considered chronic to benzene has been known to be linked with various health issues, including:  Cancer: Benzene is a known human carcinogen, and long-term exposure can lead to the development of leukemia and other cancers.  Hematological Disorders: Benzene exposure can affect the blood-forming tissues, leading to disorders such as aplastic anemia and leukemia.  Respiratory Issues: Inhalation of benzene vapors can cause respiratory problems, including irritation of the respiratory tract.  Neurological Effects: There is evidence to suggest that benzene exposure may have neurological effects, although further research is needed in this area. Part II: Toxicity Testing The Symptoms of Toxicity Occurred in Humans Toxicity caused by benzene exposure can manifest in various ways, with symptoms ranging from acute to chronic. Some of the more common symptoms can include headaches, dizziness, skin irritation, and nausea. Chronic exposure may lead to more severe conditions such as leukemia, anemia, and immune system dysfunction. Methods of Toxicity Testing To evaluate the poisonousness of benzene, various testing techniques are used, including:

6 1. Animal Studies: Toxicity studies are conducted on animals, often rodents, to evaluate the effects of benzene exposure on different organ systems and to determine safe exposure limits. 2. In vitro Studies: Cell cultures are used to study the impact of benzene on cellular processes, providing insights into its toxic mechanisms. A Recent Event of Toxic Exposure: A notable event related to benzene toxicity occurred within the last two years when a chemical manufacturing facility in Philadelphia experienced a major benzene leak. In May of 2019 “an air monitor on the border of the East Coast's largest oil refinery recorded a level of benzene, a cancer-causing gas, more than 21 times the federal limit.” (Hiar, 2020) This wasn’t the only instance of mayhem caused by this facility the same year in June an explosive fire in the early morning that terrified the residents nearby and rightly so. This refinery was close to homes, parks, a strip mall and schools which means hundreds of people could and more than likely were exposed to this chemical. This refineries disaster in June released over fifty-two hundred pounds of the deadly chemical hydrofluoric acid. The blast was so big it threw a chunk of metal the size of a school bus across the river it sat on. Thanks to the works fasting thinking and protocols in place no one was harmed or seriously injured despite the refinery’s issues. Part III: Product Labeling The Product Labels Purpose Product labels serve several crucial purposes:

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7 1. Identification: Labels provide essential information to identify the product, its ingredients, and its intended use. 2. Safety: They communicate potential hazards and provide safe handling instructions to protect consumers and workers. 3. Regulatory Compliance: Labels ensure compliance with federal and international regulations, promoting transparency and accountability. Federal Requirements for Product Labeling Various federal agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), are responsible for regulating product labeling in the United States. These agencies enforce regulations requiring accurate and comprehensive labeling of hazardous chemicals, including benzene. Per OSHAs guidelines “employers must label all containers with at least the product identifier and general information about the chemical's hazards. While employers may use various labeling methods, they must give employees access to complete information about a chemical's hazard. Labels must be legible, in English, and clearly displayed.” (n.d) File Size: 1004KB The Limitations of Labels on Products Two of the most notable limitations of labels on products are: 1. Language and Literacy Barriers: Labels may not be effective if consumers or workers cannot understand the language or lack the necessary literacy skills.

8 2. Label Accuracy: Errors or omissions on labels can occur, potentially leading to incorrect usage or inadequate protection. Shipping Container Labels for Benzene Shipping container labels for benzene must comply with the Hazardous Materials Regulations set forth by the Department of Transportation (DOT). These labels indicate the presence of hazardous materials, such as benzene, and provide emergency contact information. Implications of Missing or Incorrect Label Information Missing or incorrect label information on containers with benzene can lead to severe consequences. Workers may not take adequate precautions, resulting in exposure incidents. Emergency responders might face challenges in handling spills or accidents. Inadequate labeling can also hinder environmental remediation efforts in case of a release. In conclusion, benzene, a versatile chemical used in manufacturing, poses significant environmental risks and threats to human health. Proper handling, labeling, and regulation are essential to mitigate these risks and ensure the safe use of benzene-containing products.

9 References Green, J. R. . M. (2022). Benzene (carcinogen). Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. Hiar, C. (2020, January 16). Huge oil refinery leaks toxic chemical in South Philadelphia. NBCNews.com. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/massive-oil-refinery- leaks-toxic-chemical-middle-philadelphia-n1115336 Robinson, L. (2018). A Practical Guide to Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment. Wiley Global Research (STMS). https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781118881903 Hazard communication fact sheet - texas department of insurance. (n.d.). https://www.tdi.texas.gov/pubs/videoresource/fshazcom.pdf

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