Ch 11 Notes - Pt 2 (1)

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San Diego Mesa College *

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101

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Chemistry

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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Uploaded by CaptainSparrow303

Devin Guerrero Ch 11 Notes - Pt 2 1. Chemical Weathering Processes - Results from chemical reaction between minerals and weathering agents such as water, oxygen and other reactive compounds. rocks that have been chemically weathered often look sperodial because their edges and Corners have been rounded - 1. Hydrolysis - breakdown of rock due to chemical reaction with water hydrolysis or oxygen - Carbonation and solution - breakdown of carbonate rocks rocks rich in calcium carbonate example limestone, dolomite, marble, gypsum, due to a chemical reaction with weak carbonic acid ( water that has dissolved CO2) - important processes in development of caves and other solution features - effective in warm and humid climates were decomposition rates are high - Necessary conditions for karst topography - karst area with many sinkholes Dole lines and caves and a lack of surface streams, named after an area of former Yugoslavia bordering the Adriatic sea. a landscape created by weathering of calcium carbonate rocks - 1. Limestone formation ( or other carbonate Rock) - 2. patterns or joints - 3. and aerated zone between ground and surface and water table - 4. rainfall that begets heavy vegetation to supply organic acids

2. Caves and Caverns - Caverns naturally formed underground chambers, formed by groundwater which dissolves carbonate rocks, fractures in large and form caverns. some Caverns roofs collapse and break through to surface causing sinkholes - some caves have drip Stone formations made of travertine calcite precipitated from water AKA spiliotherms 3. Mass Movement (aka Mass Wasting) - Mass movement- downslope movement Of material Rock due to gravity. maybe slower fast, wet or dry, gentle or steep. driving force and mass movement is gravity, but depends on the weight, size, and shape of the surface material, slope angle and amount of moisture - angle of repose- how steeply loose objects will stack before they begin to roll and slide; approximately 30° - controlling factors -Slope angle, local relief, thickness of debris, orientation of planes of weakness, climatic factors, vegetation - causes- earthquakes, added weight to Upper slope, undercutting of bottom slope, water 4. Mass movement - Movement involves free fall of detached individual pieces of any size - Rock fall Rock falling through air and hits a surface, movement occurs along surfaces of weakness and bedrock. rocks at base are called Talus 5. Type slide

- movement involves material that moves as a unit along a zone of weakness that separates the slide material from the more stable underlying material - transitional slide planar surface, and rotational slide concave slippage 6. Mass Movement Flow - Material moves down slope as a vicious fluid since it has a moisture content - Debris flow, mud flow, Lahar volcanic mudflow, debris Avalanche 7. Mass Movement (Creep) - Slow movement of soil/rock debris by gravity, usually not perceptible except through extended observation - so creep, slow glacier-like movement of shallow soil down slope of surface levels moving fastest, rate of movement decreasing with depth. due to expansion and contraction, gravity, rainfall and slight vegetation. most common type of mass wasting - Solification, rising up of soil due to alternate freezing and thawing over permafrost (ground that remains below freezing, underlies 20% of land surface on Earth)

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