Lab_04_Spectrophotometry

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Oct 30, 2023

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Spectrophotometry Lab 4
Spectrophotometry Goals Students successfully completing this laboratory session will be able to: 1. operate a mechanical pipettor with accuracy and precision 2. apply the principles of spectrophotometry to quantitative laboratory measurements. 3. perform colorimetric tests to detect macromolecules 4. calculate analyte concentration from spectrophotometric measurements 5. demonstrate proficiency in experimental science by making observations; understanding the fundamental elements of experimental design; generating and analyzing data using appropriate quantitative tools; using abstract reasoning to interpret data and relevant formulae; and, drawing evidenced-based conclusions. 2
Spectrophotometry Instrumentation Design spectrometer generates the specified wavelength of light photometer measures the intensity of the transmitted light 4 Component Function Light source (lamp) tungsten-halogen deuterium generates visible light generate UV light Monochromator (grating) selects desired wavelength Photodetector measures transmitted light Display analog digital connected to detector; displays instrument measurement Table 4.1: Spectrophotometer . Basic components and functions.
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Figure 4.1 : Spectrophotometer. Schematics of the internal mechanism of the ThermoScientific Spectronic® 20/20+ spectrophotometers. 5 Instrumentation
Principle Figure 4.2 : Spectrophotometer. Principle of spectrophotometry – light transmittance. 6 Using the blank, or negative control, I 0 = I (100% T ). Using the sample, I 0 > I; ie, solute molecules absorb some light (<100% T ).
Principle Beer-Lambert Law A = a b c Factors affecting light absorption A = absorbance a = molar extinction coefficient = ability of solute molecules to absorb light b = sample path length = the longer the path length, the more light absorbed c = concentration of solute = the greater the solute concentration, the more light absorbed 7
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Calculations Figure 4.3 : Transmittance versus Absorbance. Transmittance (%T) and absorbance (A) are related by the equation, A = 2 – ( log ( %T ) ). Absorbance and solute concentration are directly related; therefore, solute concentration can be calculated using a derivative of Beer’s Law, 8
Calculations Figure 4.4 : Standard Curve. A standard curve is constructed by graphing the concentration of known solutions (standards) versus their absorbances at a specified wavelength. Because absorbance and solute concentration are directly related, solute concentration can be calculated using the equation of the trend line (Y = mx + b) 9
Example A solution of unknown concentration returns an absorbance at 620 nm of 0.611. By the derivative of Beer’s Law, , the solute concentration of the unknown solution is By the equation of the trend line, , the solute concentration of the unknown solution is The slight difference in the values comes from the observation that the data points do not lie directly on the trend line . 10 Standards Solute Conc. (%) A 620 #1 0.063 2.000 #2 0.032 1.155 #3 0.016 0.602 #4 0.008 0.310 #5 0.000 0.000 Unknown 0.611 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 Solute Conc (%) Absorbance @ 620 nm ? = ?? . ??? ? + ?
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Operation Figure 4.5 : Spectrophotometer. Function controls of the ThermoScientific Spectronic 20+® spectrophotometer. 11
Turn your lab manuals to page 27 We will go through the calibration instructions for 480 nm wavelength 13 Use a cuvette (test tube with a white line) with only 3mL of water. This is called a “blank”
Exercises for today 4.1 Spectrophotometry practice Determine the concentration of unknown sample using the standard curve 4.2 Analysis of starch Determine the starch concentration of white and sweet potato Are sweet potatoes a healthier food choice than white potatoes because they contain less starch? 4.3 Analysis of protein Determine the protein concentrations of specimen A and B Which specimen is nutrient-deplete (2.3-3.5) and which is nutrient-replete (3.5-5.5)? Follow instructions for thermoscientific spectronic 20/20+ only You can use your laptops to view this powerpoint as you go on with the experiments 26
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3 mL 3 mL 3 mL discard 3 mL di H 2 O . Mix by repeated pipetting before transferring the 3 mL volume! 3 mL 3 mL 3 mL Exercise 4.1 : Experimental design. Spectrophotometry practice. Part 1. Preparation of serial dilutions and unknown sample 27 A R 4 0 , 0 . 2 % U n k n o w n A A R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Use as blank
Exercise 4.1 : Spectrophotometry practice Part 2 : Perform the spectrophotometric analysis. . Record the Transmittance (480 nm) of each cuvette in Table 4.1.1 on Worksheet 4. Total Dilution Concetration (%) Transmittance (480 nm) Absorbance (480 nm) Tube #R1 Tube #R2 Tube #R3 Tube #R4 Tube #R5 Tube #R6 None 0 100 0.0 Unknown A 28 R1 R2 R3 R4 . . . We will compute for Absorbance and Concentration when we get to the DAR
29 Exercise 4.2 : Spectrophotometric analysis of starch. READ THE CASE STUDY FIRST Part 1. Serial dilution . di H 2 O S t a r c h , 0 . 2 5 % 3 mL Mix by repeated pipetting before transferring the 3 mL volume! 3 mL 3 mL 3 mL 3 mL 3 mL discard 3 mL 3 mL S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Use as blank W h i t e P o t a t o S w e e t P o t a t o S8 S9 3 mL 3 mL Step 3
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Exercise 4.2 : Spectrophotometric analysis of starch. Part 2 : Perform the colorimetric test for starch. Mix by repeated pipetting! I 3 _ 0.1% LUGOL’S IODINE The Lugol’s Iodine Reagent should be medium gold in color. If it differs significantly from that shown, notify the instructor! A positive reaction should be some variation of bright blue. If it differs significantly from that shown, notify the instructor! 30 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 1 drop to each
Exercise 4.2 : Spectrophotometric analysis of starch. Part 3 : Perform the spectrophotometric analysis. . Record the Transmittance (620 nm) of each cuvette in Table 4.2.1 on Worksheet 4. Total Dilution Starch Conc (%) Color and Interpretation Transmittance (620 nm) Absorbance (620 nm) S1 1:2 0.125 blue (+) ? S2 1:4 0.063 blue (+) ? S3 1:8 0.032 blue (+) ? S4 1:16 0.015 blue (+) ? S5 1:32 0.008 blue (+) ? S6 1:64 0.004 blue (+) ? S7 undiluted NA (just water) gold (-) 100 0 White Potato 1:1500 ? X 1500 ? ? Sweet Potato 1:1500 ? X 1500 ? ? 31 S1 S2 S3 S4 . . . We will compute for Absorbance and Concentration when we get to the DAR Calibrate your spectrophotometer to 620 nm first! Switch the filter at the bottom left if needed
Exercise 4.3 : Spectrophotometric analysis of protein. READ THE CASE STUDY FIRST Part 1 : Prepare the serial dilutions and unknown samples of protein . di H 2 O P r o t e i n , 0 . 2 5 g / d L Mix by repeated pipetting before transferring the 3 mL volume! 3 mL 3 mL 3 mL 3 mL discard . 3 mL 3 mL P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Use as blank S p e c i m e n A S p e c i m e n B P7 P8 3 mL 3 mL Albumin is the protein sample
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Biuret reagent The Biuret Reagent should be pale blue in color. If it differs significantly from that shown, notify the instructor! Mix each cuvette by repeated pipetting. A positive reaction should be some variation of violet. If it differs significantly from that shown, notify the instructor! 33 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 4 drops Exercise 4.3 : Spectrophotometric analysis of protein. Part 2 : Perform the colorimetric test for protein. Incubate for 5 mins at room temperature
Exercise 4.3 : Spectrophotometric analysis of starch. Part 3 : Perform the spectrophotometric analysis. . Record the Transmittance (540 nm) of each cuvette in Table 4.3.1 on Worksheet 4. Total Dilution Protein Conc (g/dL) Color and Interpretation Transmittance (540 nm) Absorbance (620 nm) P1 1:1 0.25 Violet (+) ? P2 1:2 0.125 Violet (+) ? P3 1:4 0.063 Violet (+) ? P4 1:8 0.031 Violet (+) ? P5 1:16 0.016 Violet (+) ? P6 undiluted NA (just water) blue (-) 100 0 P7 (Sp A) 1:100 ? X 100 ? ? P8 (Sp B) 1:100 ? X 100 ? ? 34 P1 P2 P3 P4 . . . We will compute for Absorbance and Concentration when we get to the DAR Calibrate your spectrophotometer to 540 nm first! Switch the filter at the bottom left if needed
Review 4.1 Spectrophotometry practice Determine the concentration of unknown sample using the standard curve 4.2 Analysis of starch Determine the starch concentration of white and sweet potato Are sweet potatoes a healthier food choice than white potatoes because they contain less starch? Independent variable = starch concentration, dep. Variable = absorbance of samples Negative control = water only Controlled variables = dilution of potato extract, volume of reagent Reagent used is lugol’s iodine 4.3 Analysis of protein Determine the protein concentrations of specimen A and B Which specimen is nutrient-deplete (2.3-3.5) and which is nutrient-replete (3.5-5.5)? Samples were incubated for at least 5 mins at room temperature. If incubated less, falsely decrease absorbance because reagent hasn’t broken down the proteins yet. 35
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Assignments Dar 4 (Instructions for graphing (Mac and Windows) are available in Lab 4 folder) Test 4 Quiz 5 36
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