Water Quality lab report
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Water quality lab
November 20
th
, 2023
Ashley Venuto
EVR 2001L
Professor Choudhari
Abstract:
Water quality analysis is measured through pH, turbidity, color, total
hardness, chloride, iron, phosphate and nitrate. These concentrations are
regulated to reduce and stop possible health problems associated with unhealthy
levels of these substances. The hypothesis for this experiment is the water from
the NES fountain will be most compliant with the SMCL’s and MCL’s set by the
EPA. Based on the results, the water from the NES fountain is more compliant
than the water in the Simmons park pond.
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment is to analyze water quality by taking the
following tests, pH, turbidity, color, total hardness, chloride, iron, phosphate and
nitrate. Through these tests it can be determined if the water is contaminated or
not. If the water is contaminated this means the water has objectionable or
harmful substances. Water can get contaminated from many different sources
such as chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers and manufacturing operations. Many
health problems can arise from contaminated water, so the United States
Environmental Protection Agency has set out laws that regulate the
concentrations of contaminants in drinking water. The list is known as the
maximum contaminant levels, and there are also regulations for the aesthetic
qualities of water for taste and odor, called the secondary maximum contaminant
levels. The purpose of taking the pH of water is to determine if it is too alkaline or
too acidic, if ingested or if it used for appliances/running through pipes it can be
damaging and unhealthy, water normally varies between 6.5 and 8.5. Turbidity
measures the clarity of a liquid, when light is shined through the substance. A
sample with high turbidity means that it would be cloudy, and this would be
caused by silt, mid, algae, sawdust, chemicals and many more things are sitting
in the water. The color is measured to indicate the organic pollutants and the
range of chemicals. Total hardness is used to measure the mineral content in
water such as calcium and magnesium to determine if it is in the correct range.
The rests of the tests are to determine if there is the correct amount of chloride,
iron, phosphate and nitrate. Too much or too little can cause issues. There are
many water treatments being discussed and advanced to find the best options
(Petrovic, 2003).
Study area:
The first sample was taken from Simmons park pond, it is a pond located
near the natural environmental science building, it mainly has water from runoff
and is is used as a retention pond. USF is a humid subtropical climate that has
two seasons, a dry season and a hot and humid season. During the hot and
humid season is when the Simmons park pond would be receiving the most
pollution and runoff. The second sample was taken from the NES water fountain
water, this water is from the Floridian Aquifer, it has been cleaned to meet the
requirements from the EPA drinking water standards.
Materials & Methods:
The first test performed was the color test, to perform this the LaMotte
Smart 3 Colorimeter water analyzer is used, start by turning the device on, enter
the testing menu and select sequence 1. Then you will obtain a deionized water
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blank and fill it with 10mL of deionized water and label it accordingly. Insert the
blank tube into the chamber and scan the blank. Next you will remove the blank
and insert a tube with the desired sample water, either the water from the
Simmons park pond or the water from the NES water fountain and scan the
sample. Record the results. The next test performed is the turbidity test, obtain
the blank, set the test sequences to the correct option 095, place the blank into
the chamber and scan the blank. Fill 10mL of the sample of water, shaking it to
mix and insert the tube into the chamber and scan the sample. Record the
results and exit to the sequence menu. Next a chloride test is performed, set the
analyzer to test number 34, insert the blank into the chamber and scan it, then
you will remove the blank, add a chloride IG tablet to the sample water and allow
it to dissolve for 3 minutes, then put the solution in to the sample bottle and scan
the result. Collect the data and exit to the sequence menu. For the Total
Hardness test, set the test number to 48, obtain the blank and insert into the
chamber and scan, add the sample water to a calcium hardness UDV vial and
shake for 10 seconds, pour the sample in to a sample bottle and invert the
sample 3 times to mix, tap the sides to remove any air bubble, scan the sample
and record the results. To test for iron, set the test to number 055, insert the
blank and scan, fill a sample with 0.5ml of iron reagent #1, cap and mix, then add
0.1g of iron regent powder #2, cap it and invert the sample several times and
wait 3 minutes for the color to develop. Scan the sample and record the results.
To test phosphate, set the analyzer to test number 081, insert the blank and
scan, fill a water sample and use 1.0mL of phosphate acid reagent, cap and mix,
then ad 0.1g of phosphate reducing and mix under powder dissolves, wait 5
minutes for the color to develop and then scan the sample and record data. For
the nitrate test, set the analyzer test to 081, insert the blank and scan. Add the
sample water and one tablet of nitrate spectrophotometric grade tablet, invert the
tube for 2 minutes and wait 5 minutes. Insert the sample into the chamber and
scan, record the results. Lastly, to test pH, use the pH Meter and insert it into the
sample and record data.
Results:
PARAMETERS
SIMMONS PARK POND
NES WATER
FOUNTAIN
COLOR (C.U.)
127
24
TURBIDITY (FTU)
14.23 FAU
3.12 FAU
CHLORIDE (mg/L)
17 ppm
22.4 ppm
TOTAL HARDNESS (mg/L)
220 ppm
241 ppm
IRON (mg/L)
0.22 ppm
0.04 ppm
PHOSPHATE (mg/L)
0.59 ppm
0.26 ppm
NITRATE (mg/L)
11 ppm
1 ppm
pH
8.9
7.2
The color for Simmons park pond was 127, and 24 for NES water fountain, these values have a significant difference. The turbidity for Simmons park pond was 14.23 FAU
and 3.12 FAU for NES water fountain. For Chloride, Simmons park pond had 17ppm and 22.4 ppm for NES water fountain for total hardness, Simmons park pond had 220 ppm and 241ppm for NES water fountain. Iron had 0.22ppm for Simmons park pond and 0.04ppm for NES water fountain. Phosphate had a number of 0.59 ppm for Simmons park pond and 0.26ppm for NES water fountain. Nitrate had a score of 11ppm for Simmons par pond and 1 ppm for NES water fountain. Lastly for the pH Simmons park pond had a pH of 8.9 and NES water fountain had a pH of 7.2
Discussion/ Conclusion:
The very first data I observed that supported the hypothesis was the pH level, Simmons park had a pH of 8.9 and NES water fountain had a pH of 7, since drinking water should be in the range between 6.5 and 8.5 this proves that the water from NES water fountain is more complainant with the SMCL. A pH of 8.9 means the water is alkaline. The next test I looked at was the color, Simmons park is 127 and NES is 24, this is a significant difference, the SMCL has a color of 15 units, Simmons park is very far from this range indicating it has contaminants, while NES is 24, which means it is objectionable. Looking at the iron next, Simmons had a value of 0.22ppm and NES 0.04ppm, the water at Simmons has a high presence of iron, which can cause a metallic taste and a dark reddish color, while NES has a value that is complainant with the SMCL (Iron, n.d). The phosphate levels for both Simmons park and NES is complainant with the
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SMCL, both values are under 3mg/L. If the values were higher it would be a health concern as it could cause bone decalcification or increased parathyroid gland activity. For Nitrate, Simmons park Is at 11ppm which is not complainant with the MCL, if the level is above 10mg/L infants less than 6 months old can have issues. Extra nitrate can come from fertilizers, leaking sewage and erosion of natural deposits, since Simmons park pond is a runoff/ retention pond, there are many pollutants that can get into this water and cause it to be high. NES had a value of 1ppm, which is complainant with the MCL. For total hardness NES is at 241ppm and Simmons at 220ppm, there is no limit set for this but a hardness over 125 mg/L can have laxative effects, this means both these water sources have very hard amounts of calcium and magnesium in them. For turbidity, Simmons park is higher with a number of 14.23 FAU and NES with 3.12 FAU, Simmons park is higher because it has more matter suspended in the water such ass clay, silt, plankton and microorganism which can cause the water to be cloudier, this is not complainant with the SMCL, high levels of this can be associated with stomach irritation, nausea, cramps, diarrhea and headaches. NES is complainant with the SMCL because it is not higher than 5. Lastly, for chloride, both values aren’t high, they are in the same range and not exceeding 250 mg/L, so both are in complainant with the SMCL.
After reviewing the data, the hypothesis is correct, the water from NES water fountain will be most in compliance with the SMCL’s and MCL’s set by the EPA. The NES water fountain site is cleaned/ treated, I expected the water to be more in complainant then Simmons Park pond, as that is a retention pool that is collecting all different types of microorganism and pollutants. I think the most important contaminants would be color,
iron, nitrate, and turbidity, these values for Simmons park were not in range, if water was ingested with those levels there could be serious health concerns. I think it was interested how both levels of chloride and total hardness were close together as one of the waters was treated/ cleaned, I would have expected the number to be lower for NES
water fountain.
References
Iron in drinking water
. Illinois Department of Public Health. (n.d.). https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/environmental-health-protection/private-
water/fact-sheets/iron-drinking-water.html#:~:text=Although%20present%20in
%20drinking%20water,turn%20a%20reddish%20brown%20color. Petrović, M. (2003, December 2). Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water
. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165993603011051
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