Lab Report_Ionic and Covalent Bonds

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Baker College *

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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NAME: TS DATE: 2/5/2024 Lab Report Ionic and Covalent Bonds This lab report is for you to reflect on what you completed and learned in this simulation, and to practice your written scientific communication skills. Include enough detail to clearly describe the lab experience to someone who understands the concepts but has not participated in the simulation. Use correct scientific terminology whenever applicable. Sections 1. Describe the overall objective and make a hypothesis 2. Introduce relevant background knowledge on this topic 3. Summarize the steps taken in the simulation 4. Explain any obtained results 5. Discuss the conclusions and implications 1 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved

1. Describe the overall objective and make a hypothesis. What is the overall purpose of the experiments or activities? Make a hypothesis. Recall that the hypothesis is a claim that answers a question or makes a prediction about an event that has not yet occurred. Hint: The purpose is often stated in the welcome message of the simulation (as shown in the example image below). For your entry make sure to include the following: ● Include one statement that describes the overall objective in your own words. ● Include one statement that describes the hypothesis. The purpose of the experiment was to observe chemical characteristics that could be employed to distinguish between various types of bonds present in a chemical substance through experimental procedures. The investigation focused on studying both ionic and covalent bonds. Hypothesis: One solution is covalent, one is ionic 2 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved

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2. Introduce relevant background knowledge on this topic. What have you learned in class or researched on your own that would help prepare for this simulation? Hint: You can review the “THEORY” section in the simulation (as shown in the example image below) For your entry make sure to include the following: ● Include at least three important details from the lab “Theory” tab, the Lab Manual, or other resources, in your lab report that support the simulation activity. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration. These bonds typically occur between nonmetal atoms and result in the formation of molecules. Covalent bonds can be further categorized into polar covalent bonds, where electrons are unequally shared, and nonpolar covalent bonds, where electrons are shared equally. Additionally, covalent bonds are typically stronger than ionic bonds but weaker than metallic bonds. Ionic bonds typically form between atoms with significantly different electronegativities, where one atom has a much stronger attraction for electrons than the other. In an ionic bond, one atom loses one or more electrons to become a positively charged ion (cation), while another atom gains those electrons to become a negatively charged ion (anion). These oppositely charged ions then attract each other, forming a stable ionic compound. Ionic bonds tend to produce compounds with high melting and boiling points, as well as strong electrical conductivity in their molten or dissolved states due to the mobility of 4 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved

ions. Anions and cations are distinct types of ions produced through ionic bonding. Anions are ions carrying a negative charge, formed by gaining electrons. They typically exhibit larger sizes compared to their parent atoms due to electron addition and are attracted to the positively charged electrode (anode) during electrolysis. Cations, conversely, are ions with a positive charge, formed by losing electrons. They are generally smaller in size than their parent atoms due to electron loss and are attracted to the negatively charged electrode (cathode) during electrolysis. Both anions and cations play pivotal roles in various chemical reactions and processes, including electrolysis, ionic bonding, and the creation of salts and ionic compounds. 5 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved

3. Summarize the steps taken in the simulation. Explain all steps you completed, including the equipment and techniques you used. Hint: You can use the “MISSION” tab in the LabPad as inspiration (as shown in the example image below). For your entry make sure to include the following: ● Document each step you completed, including the equipment and techniques you used. Put on PPE (lab coat, gloves) Tested solubility and conductivity:  Put distilled water into three beakers  Put unknown substance 1, unknown substance 2, and KCl in each of the three beakers  Put beakers on the stirrer one at a time and observe solubility  Tested conductivity using tool Tested melting points  Filled two capillaries with unknown substances  Placed into heating apparatus to heat  Observed melting points 6 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved

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4. Describe any obtained results. Explain all obtained results. Were these results expected or unexpected? Hint: You can use the “MEDIA” tab in the Lab Pad to revisit relevant images from the simulation (as shown in the example image below). For your entry make sure to include the following: ● Document the results from the simulation. ● Document whether the results were expected or unexpected, and briefly explain why. In the first simulation, the substances went from cloudy to clear after stirring. All were expected and determined to be water-soluble. 7 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved

KCl is conductive, substance 2 is conductive, and substance 1 is not conductive, which was expected. The melting point of substance 1 was 146 degrees Celsius. The melting point of substance 2 was 801 degrees Celsius. The melting point of the caffeine was 237 degrees Celsius. Based on the melting points, the mysterious unknown substances were determined to be sodium chloride and glucose. 8 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved

5. Discuss the conclusions and implications. How do your results relate back to the original purpose and your hypothesis? Were there any systematic sources of error that could have affected the results? What did you learn? For your entry make sure to include the following: ● Include a statement that briefly summarizes how the results of the simulation relate back to your original purpose and hypothesis. ● Include a statement that details any systematic sources of error you identified that could have affected the results. If the lab did not have any systematic sources of error, include a statement that acknowledges the lack of error present in the lab. ● Include a statement about what you learned from the simulation. Substance 1 was found to be grape sugar and substance 2 was salt. Ionic compounds usually have a higher melting point, so the results confirmed the hypothesis. The lab did not have any systematic errors. The lab experience enhanced my comprehension of the distinction between ionic and covalent bonds, and their influence on compound behavior. The findings from the simulation reinforce the concept that bond type is contingent upon electronegativity variances between atoms. 9 Copyright Labster ApS 2021 All Rights Reserved

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