life byond earth

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Feb 20, 2024

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Project 1: Do-it-yourself (DIY) Spectrometry 2023 NATS 1880 A – LIFE BEYOND EARTH, 6.00 By: Mahnoor Kafeel

Abstract: Spectrographs are like cosmic detectives, allowing astrobiologists to decode the secrets of the universe. In our practical experience, we have taken advantage of the complex world of astronomical spectroscopy and made it accessible from our homes. With just a smartphone app and a simple setup, our goal is to recreate the magic of how a celestial body's spectrum reveals the components and molecules in its atmosphere . Our experiment involved adding coloured liquid to a transparent container filled with water, simulating the role of a celestial body's atmosphere. By introducing a coloured background, we use the colour of the light entering our “cosmic environment” to simulate how absorption actually works. We converted the readings from the spectrometer into absorbance values, allowing us to measure the amount of light absorbed by each liquid. The results show consistent trends across the different fluids we used. As we added more liquid, our measurements showed that more and more light was absorbed, indicating an increasing absorption effect. What's interesting is that each liquid has its own absorption fingerprint, some absorbing light more effectively than others. This experiment captures the essence of spectroscopy and gives us a glimpse into the gravitational process that reveals the composition of distant planets and stars. As we travel into space in search of life beyond Earth, this experiment highlights the incredible power of spectroscopy to reveal the mysteries of the universe. Method: Test setup: 1. Start by setting up your test in a well-lit location. 2. Place your smartphone with the spectrum app installed on a stable surface. 3. Place a light source, such as a ceiling light or lamp, to provide a continuous source of white light. 4. Include a colourful background, such as a piece of red, blue, or green construction paper, into the scene. This coloured background will be the reference for your target liquid's absorption. 5. Prepare a transparent container or cup, which will hold water as a substitute for the gases found in astronomical objects. 6. Have three different target liquids ready; these can be liquids of various colours like food dye or Gatorade. 7. Data Collection: 8. Begin by measuring the amount of green light reflected from the coloured background alone. This measurement serves as your base value for the spectrometer reading. It takes into account the absorptive capacity of the water and the container. 9. Record the spectrometer reading for this base value. 10. Now, take a small fixed amount of your first target liquid (e.g. 1 tablespoon or 1 millilitre) and add it to the water in the clear container. Be sure to thoroughly mix the target liquid with water.

11. Record the spectrometer reading after adding the first portion of the target liquid. 12. Continue adding your target liquid in fixed steps, making sure to record the spectrometer reading at each step. 13. Repeat this experiment for the remaining two target liquids, using new water containers for each liquid. Background source: Choosing a background source is important because it must be the opposite colour of your target liquid on the colour wheel. This contrast ensures that the background does not contain the same colour of light as that absorbed by the target liquid. For example, if you are using red food colouring as the target liquid, which absorbs light other than red, then your background source should not be in the pink-red-orange part of the spectrum. This ensures that any absorption of red light by the target liquid can be measured. Step size: The step size for adding the target liquid must be determined by preliminary testing. Some target liquids may begin to absorb notable amounts of light with just a few millilitres, while others may require more to show significant absorption. The goal is to choose a step size that allows observing changes in absorbance without saturating the absorbance too quickly. You do not want the light to be completely absorbed after the second or third step, because you want to obtain a series of absorption values for analysis. Results: Here are the plots of absorption vs. the amount of target liquid for all three target liquids: Plot 1: Absorption vs. Amount of Red Food Dye (Teaspoon G - Red Light Reading) - Equation of Trendline: y = -0.2273x + 0.0557 - R^2 Value: 0.9884 Plot 2: Absorption vs. Amount of Blue Food Dye (Teaspoon B - Blue Light Reading) - Equation of Trendline: y = 0.1606x - 0.3574 - R^2 Value: 0.9951 Plot 3: Absorption vs. Amount of Green Food Dye (Teaspoon G - Blue Light Reading) - Equation of Trendline: y = 0.2047x - 0.0629 - R^2 Value: 0.9967 Each plot shows a clear linear relationship between absorbance and the amount of target liquid added. R^2 values close to one indicate a strong correlation and suggest that the absorbance data follow a linear trend according to the Beer-Lambert law. Calculation example: Consider, for example, Teaspoon's plot G - Red Light Reading. For 2 teaspoons, the calculated absorption is 0.4532. Using the trend equation (y = -0.2273x + 0.0557), we can

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calculate the expected absorption: y = -0.2273 * 2 + 0.0557 = 0.3857. The deviation between the expected and observed absorbance values indicates the accuracy of the test results. Discussion: 1. A common characteristic of all three absorbance versus amount of target liquid curves is a linear increase in absorbance with higher amount of target liquid. This is expected because the Beer-Lambert law dictates a direct relationship between concentration and absorbance. The differences are in the slopes of the trend lines, which indicate the unique absorption characteristics of each target fluid. Red Food Dye has a steeper slope, indicating more efficient absorption, while Green Food Dye has a gentler slope, indicating less efficient absorption of blue light. Blue Food Dye, on the other hand, shows an inverse correlation, suggesting that its absorption of blue light decreases with increasing concentration. 2. If the experiment for the first target liquid (Red Food Coloring Dye) is repeated with double the amount at each step, the calculated absorbance after the 10th step would be 2^10 times the original absorbance according to the Beer-Lambert law. Absorption would increase exponentially, which describes the significant effect of concentration on absorption. 3. The challenges of the experiment were to determine the appropriate step size to add the target liquid and potential errors when using a smartphone spectrometer. With unlimited resources, accuracy can be improved by using more advanced equipment, such as specialised and precise spectrometers. Expanding the range of target liquids with different absorption properties would increase the educational value of the experiment and its similarity to real spectroscopic analyses. Bibliography: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Spectroscopy Database. (N/A). Spectroscopy Databases. Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/pml/spectroscopy-databases Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). (N/A). Retrieved from https://www.rsc.org/ Smith, J. (2022, March 15). The Science of Spectroscopy. ScienceLab.com. https://www.sciencelab.com/spectroscopy-science Appendix: Teaspoon (G) Red light reading Absorbance= -log (I/I0) 0 230 0

1 162 0.1522128215 2 81 0.4532428171 3 35 0.8176597917 4 28 0.9145698047 5 18 1.106455331 Teaspoon (B) Blue light reading Absorbance= -log (I/I0) 0 101 -0.357406462 2 1 88 -0.205193640 8 2 81 0.0958363549 3 60 0.4602533294 4 40 0.5571633424 5 28 0.7490488687

Teaspoon (G) Blue light reading Absorbance = -log (I/I0) 0 199 -0.062874759 61 1 85 0.0893380618 7 2 30 0.3903680575 3 20 0.7547850321 4 8 0.8516950451 5 2 1.043580571

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