Planning Document Final Draft

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May 21, 2024

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1 Planning Document Final Draft Sophia Grayson Southern New Hampshire University SCI-200: Applied Natural Sciences Amanda Glaze April 13, 2024

2 Planning Document Final Draft Genetically modified organisms, commonly known as GMOs, are living organisms whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering technology Raman, 2024. We learn from Maina, 2021 that the modification can improve food security, poverty reduction, and even climate change mitigation. However, to make informed decisions about GMOs, it is imperative to consider both the potential risks and benefits associated with them. This could involve researching the potential risks of GMOs, exploring the positive impact of GMOs on society, and taking into account the opinions of experts and other stakeholders. By doing so, one can make a well-informed decision about whether or not to support GMOs. My question: Do GMOs impact food safety? My science resources: 1. My first source is titled "GMOs: Pros and Cons, Backed by Evidence." According to my research, GMO crops have been modified to express an insect and pest- repelling gene. The gene is expressed through the use of a virus or other vector, and is designed to interfere with the insects' ability to reproduce. This gene is also designed to reduce the risk of crop damage and reduce the need for pesticides. A gene called Bt is commonly engineered into crops such as corn, cotton, and soybeans (Raman, 2024). Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring bacteria, explained Raman, 2024. Several pests and insects are poisoned by this gene, which gives GMO plants a natural defense.

3 2. My second source is titled " How GMO crops impact our world . U.S. Food and Drug Administration." GMOs were originally invented to help farmers (FDA, 2024) meet their needs and make food more affordable. This technology improves crop yield. GMOs also provide higher income for farmers, as crops can be grown with fewer resources in less time. Additionally, GMOs can reduce agriculture's carbon footprint. This is like building a more efficient assembly line in a factory to increase production and reduce labor costs. Furthermore, GMOs may cross-pollinate with other plants, making superweeds more resistant to herbicides (Purdue University, n.d.). Additionally, GMOs may create toxins that harm human health. Thus, while GMOs have numerous potential benefits, there are also potential risks that should be taken into consideration. 3. My third source is titled "Genetically modified food: What are the pros and cons?" I have found that my research is greatly aided by this final source, which provides me with a vast amount of information. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) foods are more resistant to plant viruses, which can reduce food waste and increase food security (Barrell & French, 2024). Furthermore, GMO crops may be more resilient to extreme weather conditions such as drought, heat, and salty soils. This can be beneficial in areas where food security is a concern as it can increase crop growth. Additionally, specific genes in GMO foods can enhance food shelf life, meaning they can reduce food waste. According to Barrell & French, 2024, genetically engineered foods are still relatively new, so their long-term effects are unknown. Concerns about the disadvantages relate to human health. GMO foods have not yet been shown to be harmful, but research is ongoing. My audience and message:

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4 I plan to present my research at an open town meeting to reach a wider audience. To make my presentation engaging and interactive, I will create a clear and concise message that everyone can understand. To achieve this, I will use visual aids to draw in the audience and keep them captivated. Additionally, I will happily answer any questions they may have and provide my contact information for further inquiries. My main goal is to create a presentation that appeals to different types of people and keeps them interested. To do so, I will use clear and concise language to ensure my message is understood while emphasizing key points throughout my presentation. I will also provide enough time for questions. Finally, I will take the time to thank the audience for their time. Identify principles: Biodiversity principles play a key role in GMO food safety. The ability to adapt to changing environments and survive threats is enabled by genetic diversity (NOAA Fisheries, 2021). A crucial role played by genetic diversity has been to enhance the resistance of GMO foods to pests and diseases. Introducing natural pest-resistant genes into GMO crops, for example, can reduce the use of chemical pesticides, making the food safer to eat and reducing the environmental impact. As a result of GMO foods, irrigation and fertilizer are no longer needed, lowering water consumption and chemical runoff. As a result, water pollution has been reduced and valuable natural resources have been preserved. Explain principles: These principles provide a framework for understanding the potential risks associated with GMO foods and for evaluating the potential benefits of using them. They help to identify potential risks

5 to food safety, such as potential allergens or antibiotic resistance. They also help us to understand the potential impacts of GMOs on the environment, as well as the potential economic benefits of using them. Furthermore, these principles help us to understand the ethical implications of using GMOs, such as the potential for creating new forms of inequality or the potential for misuse. My experimental question and hypothesis: What is the effect of consuming genetically modified crops on digestive health in a controlled group of human subjects, as compared to consuming non-genetically modified crops? Consuming genetically modified crops will have no significant effect on digestive health in a controlled group of human subjects, compared to consuming non-genetically modified crops. My explanation: The natural scientist would look for evidence in the form of experiments, surveys, or observations. They might also look for evidence in existing research or data. Finally, they would likely use statistical or mathematical methods to analyze the evidence and draw a conclusion. Once the conclusion is reached, the natural scientist would communicate the results to their peers and the general public. They might also advocate for policies or action based on their findings. The natural scientist would also strive to explain their findings in plain language that is accessible to lay people. They would also need to be open to criticism and willing to adjust their findings based on new evidence.

6 References Barrell, A., & French , M. (2024, January 5). Pros and cons of GMO Foods: Health and Environment . Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324576 FDA. (2024, March 5). How gmo crops impact our world . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/how-gmo-crops-impact-our- world#:~:text=Some%20GMO%20crops%20were%20developed,may%20help %20reduce%20food%20waste . NOAA Fisheries. (2021, November 15). Preserving genetic diversity gives wild populations their best chance at long-term survival . NOAA. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/preserving-genetic-diversity-gives-wild- populations-their-best-chance-long-term#:~:text=Maintaining%20high%20genetic %20diversity%20allows,ability%20to%20survive%20and%20reproduce . Purdue University (Ed.). (n.d.). What about gmos and weeds? . Purdue University - College of Agriculture. https://ag.purdue.edu/gmos/gmos-weeds.html#:~:text=They%20can %20develop%20a%20resistance,different%20than%20any%20other%20weed . Raman, R. (2024, January 9). GMO pros and cons, backed by evidence . Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/gmo-pros-and-cons#cons

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