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BUSI830 Discussion5 1 School of Business, Liberty University Faizan Malik Solutions in the Multiple-Case Case Study By submitting this assignment, I attest this submission represents my own work, and not that of another student, scholar, or internet source. I understand I am responsible for knowing and correctly utilizing referencing and bibliographical guidelines. I have not submitted this work for any other class.

BUSI830 Discussion5 2 Introduction As explained by Yin (2018), a multiple-case case study is a research approach that examines two or more cases, wherein a case is defined as a "how" or "why" question about a phenomenon, which can encompass individuals, organizations, programs, or events (Yin, 2018). Multiple-case case studies provide researchers the benefits of greater generalizability by having a greater dataset to identify potential patterns, the ability to test and extend theories by seeing the phenomena in various contexts, and a more comprehensive understanding of phenomena of focus by studying it from various perspectives (Beecham & Noll, 2018). Halkias and Neubert (2020) elaborate that multiple-case case studies are best utilized when the phenomenon of interest is complex and multifaceted, carries relatively low interest, is content-dependent, and/or in instances where researchers want to validate a theory (Halkias & Neubert, 2020). One such instance is the multiple-case case study being presented to Kansas state leadership, examining the environmental compliance adherence of several investor-owned electrical utilities, local municipal electric utilities, and federal electrical utilities, for their electricity provider selection. Based on the case study outcomes, several business solutions will be discussed to assess the suitability of providers for the state, considering factors such as strategy, scalability, and overall approach. Consultant’s Assessment/Recommendations The multiple-case case study should be designed to provide Kansas state leadership with the best possible solution, be it singular or multiple approaches. The study will seek to understand each electricity provider’s attributes, strengths and weaknesses, and other variables for selection. To select the participants, researchers could utilize one of the four strategies provided by Yin (2018) for selecting cases for a study: selecting cases that are homogeneous or

BUSI830 Discussion5 3 similar to each other, cases that are heterogeneous or differ from each other, cases that are critical or likely to provide the most information on the phenomenon of focus, cases that are theoretical or that likely to test a theory. For Kansas state leadership, the recommended strategy for conducting a multiple-case case study in this context would be a mixed-methods strategy approach, combining both homogenous and heterogeneous case selections. For homogenous case selection, a subset of cases within each category of electrical utilities (investor-owned, municipal, federal) exhibit similarity in key characteristics, such as size, service area, or regulatory environment. Similar to heterogenous case selection, a group of cases would be selected by will now differ in factors such as geographic location, ownership track record, and environmental compliance track record. The combination of homogenous and heterogeneous case selections allows researchers to have a comprehensive and generalizable study, the case study would offer the best potential solution or solutions while presenting additional context into environmental policy compliance. Yin (2018) discusses the scalability of solutions provided by multiple-case case studies, noting the number of selected cases is not nearly as significant as the overall purpose of the study, the selection process, the quality of the data, and the final presentation of findings (Yin, 2018). The multiple-case case study to be conducted by Kansas state leadership to assess the environmental compliance adherence of various electrical utilities for their electricity provider selection employs a combination of homogeneous and heterogeneous case selection approaches for comprehensive insights and demonstrates scalability potential, which can then be scaled to meet the requirements of future solution implementations. To ensure data quality within a large dataset, various techniques and methodologies can be implemented such as the use of multiple sources of data through interviews, surveys, documents, and direct observation, or triangulation

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BUSI830 Discussion5 4 to identify patterns or trends (Yin, 2018). Bans-Akutey and Tiimub (2021) state that triangulation provides researchers with the benefits of decreased deficiencies from a singular source, the ability to observe and eliminate inconstant data, and can serve to increase the overall validity and credibility of the study (Bans-Akutey & Tiimub, 2021). Finally, to present the study’s findings, Yin (2018) recommends researchers first develop a cross-case analysis, then organize the findings based on a central theme with clear language that provides evidence for the findings, and then discuss the implications of the findings (Yin, 2018). By following the guidelines for data quality and presentation, the researchers can provide solutions that are easily scalable and can be utilized for additional utility selection. Given the complexity of this study and the required resources, it’s important to discuss the larger implications when compared to more traditional approaches such as cost-benefit analysis (CBA). With Kansas state leadership focusing on environmental policy compliance, a more in-depth analysis was needed to understand and ultimately select an electricity provider as opposed to merely financial metrics given in a CBA. Heale and Twycross (2018) argue that although multiple-case case studies can be time-consuming and expensive to conduct, they serve as a valuable tool for evidence-based decision-making (Heale & Twycross, 2018). This evidence- based decision-making provides Kansas state leaders with the ability to be transparent with their various stakeholders, as the study would examine multiple factors in their selection process that extend beyond cost efficiency. The scalability of the research also provides an advantage over more traditional analysis such as CBA, as the framework for the selection process can be reutilized when the electricity contract has ended and can also be used by smaller municipalities within Kansas for electricity provider selection. A study performed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) sought to guide the selection and design of effective traffic calming

BUSI830 Discussion5 5 techniques for various facility types, land use, and speed limits (Caltrans Division of Research and Innovation, 2011). This paved the way for smaller municipalities, such as San Mateo, in California to utilize Caltran’s findings in implementing their traffic laws and ordinances, including their Neighborhood Traffic Management Program (NTMP) program designed to help restore and maintain safe conditions for residential streets that are experiencing excessive speeds or traffic volume through calming measures, such as speed humps, chicanes, and roundabouts (City of San Mateo, 2023). While the multiple-case studies may require additional resourcing, the benefits to Kansas state leadership for selecting an electricity provider are unseen in other traditional analysis approaches. Conclusion The recommended approach for Kansas state leadership's multiple-case case study, examining the environmental compliance adherence of various electrical utilities for electricity provider selection, is complex and requires a mixed-method approach combining both homogeneous and heterogeneous case selections. This approach will require additional resourcing and commitment, from all stakeholders, as they must ensure data quality from a large participant pool, but the will ultimately provide a more comprehensive foundation for the state leadership’s selection process and can provide the best possible solution for both parties. The benefit extends to smaller municipalities within Kanas, who can utilize the framework and/or findings for their own utility selection process. This collaborative effort promises to not only enhance decision-making but also contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally conscious energy future for the state and its communities.

BUSI830 Discussion5 6 References Bans-Akutey, A., & Tiimub, B. M. (2021). Triangulation in research. Academia Letters , 2 . Bass, J. M., Beecham, S., & Noll, J. (2018, May). Experience of industry case studies: A comparison of multi-case and embedded case study methods. In Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Conducting Empirical Studies in Industry (pp. 13-20). Caltrans Division of Research and Innovation. (2011). Effective Application of Traffic Calming Techniques Requested by Doug Brown, Division of Design, Landscape Architecture. Retrieved from https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/design/documents/traffic- calming-preliminary-investigation-9-28-11-a11y.pdf City of San Mateo. (2023). Neighborhood Traffic Management Program. Retrieved from https://www.cityofsanmateo.org/2122/Neighborhood-Traffic-Management-Program Halkias, D., & Neubert, M. (2020). Extension of theory in leadership and management studies using the multiple case study design. Available at SSRN 3586256 . Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2018). What is a case study?. Evidence-based nursing , 21 (1), 7-8. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, (6 th edition). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN: 9781506336169.

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