BUSI511_OutlineAssignment

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Research Project Outline Assignment Faizan Malik School of Business, Liberty University

BUSI511 Research Outline 2 Thesis Statement: The COVID-19 pandemic brought telemedicine to the forefront of the healthcare delivery system in the United States, as a means to reduce transmission of the virus. Despite its broader uptake, rural America has seen limited utilization of telemedicine, exacerbating existing disparities in healthcare access. This research will assess the impact of telemedicine on rural healthcare, examining technologies, costs, business models, and patient benefits, while also confronting ethical challenges and suggesting future enhancements and research directions Introduction (1 page) 1. Overview of telehealth and its impact during Covid-19 2. Tool to address healthcare disparities in rural America, but underutilized 3. Need to discern if the business model remains relevant beyond the pandemic Questions/Issues Being Addressed 1. History of Telemedicine (1 page) 250/363 1. Telemedicine has emerged as a solution to provide healthcare services to underserved populations, including individuals in remote areas, those with limited mobility, and patients managing chronic conditions (Gogia, 2020). 1. Telemedicine was developed as a solution for those in rural areas, as a way to expand healthcare availability access. However, due to numerous factors, utilization of telemedicine remains low when compared to more urban areas in America.

BUSI511 Research Outline 3 2. Technical requirements and current offerings (2 pages) 500/269 1. Successful telemedicine programs require secure and reliable connectivity, adequate equipment, user-friendly software, and continuous technical support (Baker & Stanley, 2018). 2. Current telemedicine offerings encompass chronic disease management with ongoing virtual care for conditions like diabetes and heart disease, mental health services including therapy and counseling especially beneficial for those in remote areas, remote patient monitoring through wearable devices for early health problem detection, and post-operative care involving virtual check-ins and recovery monitoring (Magdalena et al, 2015). 3. Telemedicine healthcare. provider vs patient perspective. (2 pages) 1. Costs and reimbursements 1. The implementation of telemedicine involves upfront costs such as purchasing equipment and software, and staff training, and also encompasses ongoing expenses for system maintenance and support (Hjelm, 2017). 2. Patient outcomes 1. While the full impact of telemedicine on patient outcomes remains to be fully elucidated, existing studies indicate its effectiveness in treating various conditions, including chronic diseases and mental health issues, suggesting that it holds promise as a valuable tool for enhancing

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BUSI511 Research Outline 4 healthcare access and outcomes, particularly for rural patients (Chu et al., 2021). 4. Telemedicine business model (2 pages) 1. Core values 1. Telemedicine business models are built on four key components: the value proposition offering unique benefits to patients, providers, and payers; the target market focusing on specific patient or provider groups; varied revenue streams including subscription fees, per-consult fees, and insurance reimbursements; and the cost structure encompassing expenses like equipment, software, staffing, and marketing (Chen et al., 2013). 2. Challenges 1. Challenges in establishing sustainable telemedicine business models include reimbursement uncertainties, as payers may not fully cover services, the costly and time-intensive adoption of technology requiring training and infrastructure, the complexity of regulatory compliance and legalities across different jurisdictions, and patient hesitancy rooted in concerns about privacy, security, and care quality (Antoniotti, 2021). 5. Telemedicine implementation challenges in rural areas (2 pages) 1. Lack of funding 1. Lack of funding emerged as the primary barrier to telemedicine implementation in rural areas, with rural healthcare providers frequently struggling to secure necessary funding for program support (Zachrison et al., 2020).

BUSI511 Research Outline 5 2. Technical challenges 1. A significant correlation exists between broadband penetration rates and telemedicine usage, with notably lower utilization in counties having limited broadband access compared to those with adequate broadband infrastructure (Drake et al., 2019). 6. Suggested methods to increase telemedicine in rural America (4 pages) 1. Infrastructure 1. Sustainable telemedicine programs are built with a foundation geared towards long-term scalability and growth, achieved by centralizing operations, implementing sustainable processes, employing dedicated qualified personnel, and deploying reliable products (Kreofsky et al., 2018). 2. Business model strategies 1. Sustainable telemedicine business strategies include targeting specific patient segments most likely to benefit, forming strategic partnerships with healthcare providers, insurers, and tech companies, advocating for value- based reimbursement models that reward improved outcomes and cost reductions, investing in user-friendly technology for patients and providers, and providing effective patient education to promote telemedicine adoption (Antoniotti, 2021).

BUSI511 Research Outline 6 7. Future areas of research 1. One potential future area of research could examine the impact of other disparities that exist relating to healthcare access and how they could potentially be improved by telemedicine. Conclusion (1 page) 1. Summary of key findings and insights. 2. Reiteration of the importance of telehealth in rural healthcare. 3. Final thoughts on the future trajectory of telehealth in rural settings.

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BUSI511 Research Outline 7 Preliminary Reference List Antoniotti, N. M. (2021). Business Aspects of Telemedicine. Telemedicine, Telehealth and Telepresence: Principles, Strategies, Applications, and New Directions , 141-155. Ayatollahi, H., Sarabi, F. Z. P., & Langarizadeh, M. (2015). Clinicians’ knowledge and perception of telemedicine technology. Perspectives in health information management , 12 (Fall). Baker, J., & Stanley, A. (2018). Telemedicine technology: a review of services, equipment, and other aspects. Current allergy and asthma reports , 18 , 1-8. Chen, S., Cheng, A., & Mehta, K. (2013). A review of telemedicine business models. Telemedicine and e-Health , 19 (4), 287-297. Chu, C., Cram, P., Pang, A., Stamenova, V., Tadrous, M., & Bhatia, R. S. (2021). Rural telemedicine uses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional study. Journal of medical Internet research , 23 (4), e26960. Drake, C., Zhang, Y., Chaiyachati, K. H., & Polsky, D. (2019). The limitations of poor broadband internet access for telemedicine use in rural America: an observational study. Annals of Internal Medicine , 171 (5), 382-384. Gogia, S. (2020). Rationale, history, and basics of telehealth. In Fundamentals of telemedicine and telehealth (pp. 11-34). Academic Press. Hjelm, N. M. (2017). Benefits and drawbacks of telemedicine. Introduction to Telemedicine, second edition , 134-149.

BUSI511 Research Outline 8 James, C. V., Moonesinghe, R., Wilson-Frederick, S. M., Hall, J. E., Penman-Aguilar, A., & Bouye, K. (2017). Racial/ethnic health disparities among rural adults—United States, 2012–2015. MMWR Surveillance Summaries , 66 (23), 1. Kreofsky, B. L., Blegen, R. N., Lokken, T. G., Kapraun, S. M., Bushman, M. S., & Demaerschalk, B. M. (2018). Sustainable telemedicine: designing and building infrastructure to support a comprehensive telemedicine practice. Telemedicine and e- Health , 24 (12), 1021-1025. Magdalena, M., Bujnowska-Fedak, & Grata-Borkowska, U. (2015). Use of telemedicine-based care for the aging and elderly: promises and pitfalls. Smart Homecare Technology and TeleHealth , 91-105. Neufeld, J. D., Doarn, C. R., & Aly, R. (2016). State policies influence medicare telemedicine utilization. Telemedicine and e-Health , 22 (1), 70-74. Nittari, G., Khuman, R., Baldoni, S., Pallotta, G., Battineni, G., Sirignano, A., ... & Ricci, G. (2020). Telemedicine practice: review of the current ethical and legal challenges. Telemedicine and e-Health , 26 (12), 1427-1437. Rodriguez, J. A., Betancourt, J. R., Sequist, T. D., & Ganguli, I. (2021). Differences in the use of telephone and video telemedicine visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Managed Care , 27 (1). Zachrison, K. S., Boggs, K. M., Hayden, E. M., Espinola, J. A., & Camargo Jr, C. A. (2020). Understanding barriers to telemedicine implementation in rural emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine , 75 (3), 392-399.

BUSI511_OutlineAssignment

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