BUSI511AnnotatedBibliography

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Annotated Bibliography Faizan Malik School of Business, Liberty University

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 Ayatollahi, H., Sarabi, F. Z. P., & Langarizadeh, M. (2015). Clinicians’ knowledge and perception of telemedicine technology. Perspectives in health information management , 12 (Fall). The success of telemedicine in rural areas is a shared responsibility of both medical providers and patients, with providers needing to ensure they can offer the best experience to their patients. This often begins with proper training and education programs offered by healthcare facilities. The study conducted by Ayatollahi, Sarabi, and Langarizadeh underscores the importance of clinician education and training in telemedicine as a critical factor in ensuring the adoption and sustainability of telemedicine services in rural areas. The authors possess extensive knowledge in the fields of medical informatics, telemedicine, and healthcare technology and suggest that involving clinicians in the planning and implementation of telemedicine programs can foster a more positive perception of this technology and encourage its adoption. The study is pertinent to the sustainability of telemedicine in rural areas by identifying potential barriers to telemedicine implementation, such as technical challenges and privacy concerns, and proposing targeted education and training programs to enhance healthcare provider familiarity with telemedicine and its potential benefits. Drake, C., Zhang, Y., Chaiyachati, K. H., & Polsky, D. (2019). The limitations of poor broadband internet access for telemedicine use in rural America: an observational study. Annals of Internal Medicine , 171 (5), 382-384. Telemedicine has been utilized by healthcare providers across various fields of medicine as a more efficient healthcare delivery method, allowing those in rural areas to seek medical care from the comfort of their own homes. However, factors such as the availability of required technology for telemedicine have limited the anticipated benefits. Drake et al. (2019) emphasized that "Telemedicine is a promising tool to improve healthcare access for rural residents, but its effectiveness is contingent on addressing broadband internet access disparities" (Drake et al., 2019). Conducted by a team of experts, including Coleman Drake, Yuehan Zhang, Krisda H. Chaiyachati, and Daniel Polsky, all of whom possess substantial expertise in the realms of telemedicine and rural health, with educational backgrounds and extensive experience from institutions such as Johns Hopkins, UCLA, Harvard, and UC Irvine, the study explores the influence of broadband internet access on the adoption of telemedicine services in rural regions. The study also discusses the obstacles faced by rural residents who lack broadband access, exacerbating existing healthcare access disparities, and the pressing necessity to address the infrastructure gaps in rural America. This study is relevant to the topic of telemedicine sustainability as it highlights one of the core tenets for potential success: adequate broadband internet availability. James, C. V., Moonesinghe, R., Wilson-Frederick, S. M., Hall, J. E., Penman-Aguilar, A., & Bouye, K. (2017). Racial/ethnic health disparities among rural adults—United States, 2012–2015. MMWR Surveillance Summaries , 66 (23), 1. One potential future area of research could examine the impact of other disparities that exist relating to healthcare access and how they could potentially be improved by telemedicine. A study performed by James et al. (2017) examined significant disparities in self-reported fair or poor health among rural adults by race and ethnicity. The study found that fewer non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics reported having health care coverage compared to non-Hispanic whites, and a higher percentage of non-Hispanic blacks,

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 Hispanics, and AI/ANs reported being unable to see a physician when needed due to cost in contrast to non-Hispanic whites. "Our findings underscore the persistent racial and ethnic health disparities among rural adults in the United States. Addressing these disparities requires a multi-pronged approach that addresses access to healthcare, social determinants of health, and cultural factors" (James et al., 2017). Telemedicine empowers patients to take control of their health by offering convenient access to medical information, self-care tools, and remote monitoring capabilities, enabling them to manage chronic conditions, prepare for appointments, and make informed healthcare decisions. The researchers have varying areas of expertise, ranging from social determinants of health and health disparities among vulnerable populations to medical epidemiology and public health. Kreofsky, B. L., Blegen, R. N., Lokken, T. G., Kapraun, S. M., Bushman, M. S., & Demaerschalk, B. M. (2018). Sustainable telemedicine: designing and building infrastructure to support a comprehensive telemedicine practice. Telemedicine and e- Health , 24 (12), 1021-1025. Kreofsky et al. (2018) provide key steps involved in designing and building infrastructure to support telemedicine practice, which is essential to the sustainability of telemedicine services in rural areas. One area of focus includes a directive to “standardize telemedicine protocols and documentation" as a means to "integrate telemedicine workflows into existing healthcare processes." This encompasses streamlining telemedicine practices by establishing uniform protocols and documentation procedures for internal stakeholders to ensure a seamless transition for patients, who ultimately drive the success of telemedicine programs. With extensive experience in the medical field at the Mayo Clinic, North Dakota Area Health Education Center, and University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Kreofsky et al. (2018) have combined expertise in telemedicine, healthcare technology, healthcare administration, and rural healthcare delivery. They specifically discuss the need for healthcare facilities to develop strategies, including negotiating reimbursement rates and adopting innovative billing models, to ensure financial viability and long-term in rural areas. Nittari, G., Khuman, R., Baldoni, S., Pallotta, G., Battineni, G., Sirignano, A., ... & Ricci, G. (2020). Telemedicine practice: review of the current ethical and legal challenges. Telemedicine and e-Health , 26 (12), 1427-1437. Nittari et al. (2020) discuss some of the ethical issues related to telemedicine utilization, specifically in rural areas. They explain that "the implementation of telemedicine in rural areas must be tailored to the specific needs and challenges of these communities, taking into account the ethical and legal considerations that arise in this context" in the context of barriers that may exist in more rural areas, such as those related to language or education. This includes the necessary security and confidentiality measures needed to complete telemedicine care, often involving more complex technologies. This serves as another barrier to telemedicine access in rural areas, which is intertwined with the sustainability of respective business models. Nittari et al. (2020) are all involved in academia at the University of Turin, Italy, in medical ethics or law. Their positions allow for a unique perspective on the ethical and legal challenges of telemedicine, as they can draw on their expertise in both medical ethics and law.

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 Rodriguez, J. A., Betancourt, J. R., Sequist, T. D., & Ganguli, I. (2021). Differences in the use of telephone and video telemedicine visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Managed Care , 27 (1). Telemedicine delivery is available in several options, with the respective required technology varying as well. The study by Rodriguez et al. (2021) examined two of the most popular delivery methods, audio and video phone calls between healthcare providers and patients. Rodriguez et al. (2021) note that while "telephone visits can be a convenient and accessible alternative to in-person visits for patients who may have difficulty traveling or who live in rural areas with limited access to healthcare providers,” video visits have the benefit of allowing clinicians to gather more information about a patient's condition, provide more hands-on care, and build stronger relationships with their patients. These advantages can lead to better healthcare outcomes and increased patient satisfaction” (Rodriguez et al., 2021). Choosing the correct delivery method becomes crucial for the success of rural telemedicine programs. The research team has published several articles related to healthcare access and telemedicine.

BUSI511AnnotatedBibliography

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