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HSE-100 Occupational Safety Activity 3 - 1 Student Name: ____________________________________ Review Exposure Case Studies Case Study A: Investigation of Formaldehyde Background Information: Formaldehyde is one of the most common chemicals in use today. As a chemical building block, its use can be traced to consumer goods through a wide spectrum of manufacturing processes. The use of formaldehyde as a preservative in medical laboratories and as an embalming agent in mortuaries is generally known. Formaldehyde is primarily used in the manufacture of urea, phenol, and melamine resins and for a variety of special industrial chemicals. The downstream use of formaldehyde-based inputs is found throughout the U.S. economy. It contributes to the production of about 8 percent of the gross national product (GNP) of the United States. OSHA estimates that approximately 2.1 million workers are exposed to formaldehyde. (From U.S. Department of Labor Program Highlights, OSHA Fact Sheets, “01/01/95 Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde,” Fact Sheet No. OSHA 95-27. https://www.einstein.yu.edu/docs/administration/environmental-health-safety/OSHA %2095-27.PDF Part 1 (The formaldehyde standard) Referring to 29 CFR 1910.1048, the formaldehyde standard, interpret and summarize the applicable sections regarding the following: 1. Explain the PELs for formaldehyde. 2. Explain the “action level” for formaldehyde. 3. Summarize the procedures for regulated areas. 1

4. Cite the CFR paragraph that pertains to engineering controls. Part 2 (A formaldehyde exposure scenario) In a clothing manufacturing company, formaldehyde is a component of a product used to “finish” the garments. The product is applied to make the fabric resistant to wrinkling. An air sample shows that in the plant, employees were subjected to the following formaldehyde exposures: Two hours at 0.55 parts of formaldehyde per million parts of air (ppm) Four hours at 1.00 ppm Two hours at 1.75 ppm 29 CFR 1910.1000 (d) gives the computation formula for employee exposures to hazardous air contaminants. Based on the formaldehyde case study: 1. Refer to 1910.1048 to find the OSHA exposure limits and action limits for formaldehyde. List them here for reference. 2. Use the TWA formula in 1910.1000(d) and the exposures given in the scenario to determine the exposure level for an 8-hour work shift. Show your calculations. 3. State whether or not the exposure levels are in compliance with the OSHA PELs. 4. Make a recommendation for what to do that considers your answer to question three (3) above. 2

Case Study B: An Engineering Control Scenario for Lead Scenario: One process in an electronics technology company involves employees who solder together component parts, using 40 to 60 percent pure lead as the soldering medium. The soldering of lead involves applying heat to the solid lead, thus changing the lead to liquid form in order to fuse the parts, after which the lead cools and returns to solid form. As a result of this manufacturing process, lead fumes are released into the work station atmosphere, resulting in a potential employee exposure to a highly toxic substance. From the onset of the business, management has been proactive in protecting employees’ health and safety. The original design of the building included a centralized ventilation/ceiling exhaust system. When the company started production, it called in an industrial hygienist (employed by the company’s insurance carrier) to sample the air quality. The PELs were within the OSHA standards for lead. Over time, because this company’s management has always been aggressive at taking steps to protect its employees, engineering controls have been frequently implemented, one of which has further reduced employees’ exposure to lead dust and fumes: the company installed flexible duct that dropped from the ceiling exhaust system to the soldering work stations. Mobile exhaust systems were purchased, which the employees can position as needed. The lead fumes and dust are now more directly and intensively vented through the system. It is worth noting here that other engineering controls related to the lead processes have also been instituted in order to minimize lead waste (mostly filings). These controls resulted in significant cost benefit by taking the company out of the category of being regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as a large quantity generator. Assume you are the Environmental, Safety and Health Technician at the company. Consider the following questions in relation to this case study and 29 CFR, and write out your response to each. 1. Where do you find the lead standard in 29 CFR? 2. The company physician believes that monitoring equipment should be purchased to provide constant surveillance of workers. You do not think this is a necessary expense. Write a memo to the physician stating your position, which must be based on OSHA’s lead standard. Quote the appropriate paragraphs of the standard in order to argue your position. 3

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Case Study C: Carbon Monoxide Scenario Scenario: The new owner of an auto technology shop arranged for an Environmental Safety and Health Technician to monitor the air quality in the service area. Data showed that employees were subjected to the following carbon monoxide exposures: One hour at 10 parts carbon monoxide per million parts of air (ppm) Three hours at 25 ppm One hour at 75 ppm Two hours at 40 ppm One hour at 20 ppm 29 CFR 1910.1000(d) gives the computation formula for employee exposures to hazardous air contaminants. Based on the information given in the scenario for carbon monoxide: 1. Refer to Table Z-1 in 1910.1000. Find the OSHA exposure limits for carbon monoxide and write them down. (Be sure to record not just the number but the units on the number too.) 2. Use the 8-hour TWA formula to determine the exposure level for an 8-hour work shift. Show your calculations. 3. State whether or not the exposure levels are in compliance with the OSHA PELs. 4. Make a recommendation for what to do that considers the result for your answer to question #3 above. Be sure to save this document as a Rich Text Format (.rtf) file before submitting it to your assignment Dropbox. 4

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