Analyzing Salmonella Outbreaks and Disease Prevalence in Communities

Lesson 02 – Assignment Marie Heitzman Department of Business, Palm Beach State College Epidemiology HSC4500 Professor Michele Tiggle-Stephenson January 28 th , 2024

1. A city of 45,346 people is having an outbreak of salmonella. If 296 males have contracted salmonella and 567 females have contracted salmonella in the past month, calculate the following: a. a. With respect to salmonella poisoning, calculate the sex ratio of infection. 296/567 = 0.52% or 1 to 2 approximately b. Calculate the proportion of male to female salmonella cases. Males- 296/ (296+567) = 0.34 females- 567/(296+567)= 0.66 c. Calculate the percentage of male and female salmonella cases. Males- 0.34x100= 34% Females 0.66x100= 66% 2. Use the table below to answer the following questions: Total Injuries Fatal Injuries Non-fatal injuries Number in population Total deaths from all causes Male 63 3 70 2,856 9 Female 41 2 39 1,981 18 a. What is the sex ratio for total injuries? 63/41 = 1.53 b. What is the crude mortality rate per 100,000 people? (9+18)/ (2,856+1981) x 100,000 = 558.2 per 100,000 c. What is the cause-specific mortality rate for injuries per 100,000 people and the case fatality rate (%) for injuries? (3+2)/ (2856+1981) = 0.00103 x 100,000= 103.4 p 3. Autism is a serious and lifelong disability that is characterized by a severely decreased ability to engage in communication and social interaction. In 1998 citizens in a New Jersey town were concerned about the number of children diagnosed with autism, and a study was undertaken to establish the prevalence in the community. Data from the study are reported below: Age Category Diagnosed with Autism Number of Children in the

Population 3-5 19 2,479 6-10 17 5,817 a. a. Calculate the prevalence rate of autism for these children for the two age categories. Ages 3-5: 19/ 2479 = 0.0076 Ages 6-10: 17/5817 = 0.0029 b. Convert the prevalence rate to a rate per 1,000 Ages 3-5: 0.0076 x1,000 =7.66 Ages 6-10: 0.0029x1,000 = 2.92 4. You are working in a Health center which serves a population of 24,500 people. In the period from January to March you treat a total of 126 new cases of upper respiratory infection, and from April to June you treat a total of 60 new cases of respiratory infection. a. a. Calculate the incidence of upper respiratory infection in January-March per 10,000 people and the incidence of upper respiratory infections in April-June per 10,000 people. 126/24500=0.00514 x10,000 = 51.4 per 10,000 60/24,500= 0.00244x10,000 = 24.5 per 10,000 b. What may be some of the reasons that there is a change in the incidence? One of the reasons as to why Incidence can change is perhaps the weather. During the months of Jan- Mar its colder so people tend to start falling ill. c. Why are we measuring incidence rather than prevalence in this example? We are measuring incidence in this example because we are measuring the

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rate at which the respiratory illness develops during certain months, versus prevalence refers to the existing cases of a disease or health condition. 5. In this same health center that serves a population of 24,500 people, you treat several people with asthma and with diabetes (Type II). Since they all come to the center for their medication at least once every two months, you count all the persons with asthma and all those with diabetes in the months of June and July. You find that during this time you have treated 45 people with asthma and 265 people with type II diabetes. a. a. Calculate the prevalence of asthma and the prevalence of type II diabetes in this population per 10,000 people. Asthma Prevalence: 45/24,500 = 0.00183 x10,000 = 18.4 Type II Prevalence: 265/24,500 = 0.0108 x 10,000 = 108.2 b. Why are we measuring prevalence instead of incidence in this example ? Because we are measuring the current amount of people that were seen with each disease 6. During an entire year approximately 4,000 people, both adults and children, come to your clinic to receive care. During that year, the diagnosis of diarrhea was made in 1500 people who came in to be seen for the problem. a. a. What was the annual incidence of diarrhea in your clinic population that year per 1000 people? 1500/2000= 0.75x1000 = 750 per 1000 b. Can you say that was the incidence of diarrhea for the whole city? Why or why not ? No, the description does not include specific information. It only mentions that 4000 people come to my clinic. 7. Among the 4,000 people who came into your clinic, half of them are adults. Among the adults, 150 of them have chronic arthritis. a. What is the prevalence of arthritis among the adults who come your clinic per 1,000 people? 150/4000 = 0.0375 x 1,000= 37.5

8. Describe the interrelationship between prevalence and incidence rates. Incidence and prevalence are linked concepts since the prevalence of an illness is proportional to the disease's incidence multiplied by the duration of it. Additionally, as incidence increases, so does prevalence. 9. What types of information are found by using specific rates and adjusted rates? Why are they sometimes used instead of crude rates? Give some examples of each type of rate. Specific rates provide the following information race, age, sex and may refer to population. Specific Rates include:  Cause Specific rate- refers to mortality divided by the population. An example would be the rate associated with a specific cause of death.  Age Specific rate – refers to the number of disease occurrences per age group in the overall population. Age-specific information aids in drawing analyses of the causes of morbidity and mortality across age groups.  Sex Specific rate – refers to frequency of disease in a sex group divided by total number of persons within that sex. Adjusted rates are part of morbidity and mortality in a population in which statistical procedures have been applied to permit fair comparisons across populations. 10. Calculate the infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) from the following data: 36,766/4,111,000= 0.0089x1000= 8.94 per 1,000 live births Number of infant deaths under 1 year in the United States during 1991 = 36,766 Number of live births during 1991 = 4,111,000 How did the infant mortality rate in 2013 compare with the infant mortality in 1991? (Use data from the textbook p. 73) Based on the information, in the year of 2013 the infant mortality rate was 5.96 so it was lower than it was in 1991. 11. Calculate the crude birth rate (per 1,000 people) from the following data: 4,111,000/ 252,688,000=0.162 x 1000= 162.7 per 1,000

Number of live births during 1991 = 4,111,000 Population of the United States as of July 1, 1991 = 252,688,000 How did the crude birth rate in 2013 compare with the crude birth rate in 1991? (refer to textbook) Based on the information, it seems in 2013 there were less crude birth rate than in 1991. 12. Calculate the general fertility rate (per 1,000 women aged 15-44) from the following data: General Fertility rate- 4,111,000/59,139,000= 0.0695 x 1,000= 69.5 per 1,000 women ages in 15-44 Number of live births during 1991 = 4,111,000 Number of women (15 to 44 years of age) in the United States as of July 1, 1991 = 59,139,00 How did the general fertility rate in 2013 compare with the general fertility rate in 1991? (refer to textbook) The general fertility rate in 2013 was 62.5 per 1000 so it was slightly lower than in 1991.  What is the difference in fetal mortality rate and the perinatal mortality rate? How does race/ethnicity impact the perinatal mortality rate? Fetal mortality is defined as the death of a fetus in the uterus before to delivery. The perinatal mortality rate takes into consideration both late fetal and neonatal fatalities. Race/ ethnicity affects the rate because of socioeconomic factors. Perhaps there are differences in health insurance coverage, systemic racism, education, and income.  Using Figure 3-12 on page 73, compare the infant mortality rates in the United States from 2005 to 2013 based on the race and Hispanic origin of the mother. Based on the Figure 3-12 The infant mortality rates for Hispanic Origin in 2005 were higher than in 2013. In 2005, the numbers were as follows: o Puerto Rico- 8.3 o Mexican- 5.5 o Central/south American- 4.6 o Cuban – 4.4

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In 2013 the infant mortality rates dropped to the following: o Puerto Rico- 5.9 o Mexican- 4.9 o Central/south American- 4.3 o Cuban – 3.0 Instructions:  Fully answer all questions in the assignment (include the questions with your answers).  Make sure to show how you solved each calculation for full credit.  Submit the assignment as a Word document by the due date (handwritten and scanned answers to this assignment will not be accepted). Include an APA title page. Scoring Rubric (100 points): Each part of each question is worth 3 points for a fully explained correct answer. (You must show how you solved each calculation for full credit.)

References Friis, R. H. (2018). Epidemiology 101 (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

HSC4500 Assigment 2-1.30

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