Project 7 Final Draft

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Myron Robertson 10 December 2023 PHL 218 Final Project Part One: Background The focus I chose is Social Justice/Human Rights, and the theme I chose is Gender Equity. I think this issue should be addressed because traditional gender roles have begun to merge over the years. With the rise of women in the workplace and leadership positions, gender equity will assist in making sure we acquire gender equality. Gender equality is giving all genders equal treatment when it comes to rights, responsibilities, and opportunities. Gender equity, meanwhile, is about fairness. Everyone benefits from gender equality. It is good for the economy and makes our communities safer and healthier. For many years men held the role of being the breadwinner and the provider. With this new generation, it has been normalized that all genders will have the option to seek education or pursue a career of their choice. Data has proven its success and has resulted in a stronger, healthier community. Our morals and values influence decision-making in the right direction because we all know the difference between right and wrong. As generations go on, gender equity is becoming more and more normalized. I believe most people try to strive for gender equality but fall short of gender equity. It's one thing to progress women to make the world more equal however other genders fall short of these same progression opportunities. As generations continue gender equity is now being normalized and can make for a greater future for all. The prominent ethical dilemma that we face today deals with knowing and learning the difference between equality and equity. As times have changed, gender has been shown on a broader spectrum and scientists believe that more than one gender exists. Although many may

believe that gender equality is a basic human right. It implies that women, men, boys, and girls of all classes and races participate as equals and have equal value. They enjoy equal access to resources, freedoms, and opportunities to exercise control. However, often those who are gender non-conforming, non-binary, or of the transgender community fall short of the conversation. To achieve true gender equity everyone should have a voice in how to make change. For instance, women are often intimidated or reluctant to take time off when it comes to childbirth and are expected to return to work shortly after giving birth. However, there hadn’t been a conversation about men taking the appropriate time away from work to assist and support the mother. Also, we need to consider that those of other genders will need the same assistance when it comes to preparing for a new family arrival. For many years women were nothing but full-time mothers, now that times are changing it has been an adjustment creating equal opportunities for women and those of other genders. Many companies continue to have male-based opinions when it comes to business practices. Ethical framework would be beneficial in this case, it would allow for difficult conversations to be brought to the forefront. Utilitarianism and care-based ethics will help find what is morally right by generating the best outcome for the largest number of people and finding what morally promotes healthy relationships and the well-being of individuals and their interdependence. In other diverse countries, gender equality isn’t a topic to be discussed. For centuries, men have had a preconceived notion that cis-gendered men were powerful, and women had no bearing outside of caretaking and housework. This framework could open a discussion that others in these countries have feared to speak about.

Many other countries don’t agree with these practices in fact, some countries believe they are protecting women. According to the Wall Street Journal, about 90% of the economies surveyed have at least one law that is discriminatory against women, and in France, women are prohibited from working jobs where they must lift more than 25 kilograms, about 55 pounds. “Even more interestingly, that's the average weight of a 5-year-old child". (Davidson, 2015). If these countries truly believe they are protecting women, then why aren’t they weighing all options? This is more reason to believe that ethical frameworks would assist in an open discussion. Part Two: Analyze Your Chosen Topic Ethical framework guides our actions and helps us make the right choices, by using our moral principles. Everyone has an ethical framework instilled in them, even if we don't realize it. It helps us decipher between what is right and wrong, and how we should act in different situations. However, many people confuse ethical framework with morals and values and although they are similar and fall under the same umbrella, they are indeed different. Values are the foundation of an individual’s ability to judge between right and wrong while morals are the system of beliefs that derive from core values. Morals are very specific and include context- driven rules that display a person's desire to be good (Gunner, 2019). We make moral decisions based on personal values all the time, for example, if one values friendship then their morals will align with friendship and that individual will believe that helping a friend is always good. There are many levels of ethics, and when it comes to the difference between professional and global ethics, we must first discuss what they both intel. Professional ethics is the ethical responsibility that one may be subject to, where standards are held by the chosen profession or associations. For instance, individuals in the medical field may be subject to

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responsibilities upheld by those in the medical field i.e., HIPPA, Insurance Fraud, and relevant consent forms. These professionals need to operate within a set pattern of behaviors to be considered in good standing, however, this also includes confidentiality, operating in good faith, being impartial, giving full disclosure, and avoiding conflict of interests. Global ethics on the other hand is also known as the universal code of values or “the golden rule”. It is used to guide both personal and professional ethics on a universal level. It pertains to issues affecting the world and focuses on actions taken by political leaders and citizens. This includes human rights being protected, genocide being unlawful, and treating others how you want to be treated. “The difference between the two is a difference of scope but not of nature. The scope of general ethics is as broad as the purposive acts of rational persons, while the scope of professional ethics is limited to the purposive acts of lawyers, physicians, teachers, clergymen, and other professional persons” (Dockery, 1922) On the topic of Social Justice/Human Rights, when it pertains to Gender Equity, utilitarianism, and care-based ethics will help find what is morally right by generating the best outcome for the largest number of people and finding what morally promotes healthy relationships and the well-being of individuals and their interdependence. Care ethics emphasizes the importance of emotions such as sympathy, empathy, and compassion that enable individuals to be more attentive and responsive to the needs of others and to imagine themselves in the perspectives of others. (Jonathan Kwan - Santa Clara University, 2023). These ethical frameworks have historically made decisions based on women having an emotional connection to others. It relates to housework, and taking care of children, the disabled, and the elderly. These theories weren’t universal as they didn’t apply to everyone. In 1982 Carol Gilligan started a movement with her book where she spoke about how women tend to think and speak in a

different way than men when they confront ethical dilemmas (Gilligan, 1982). According to Lawrence Kohlberg's study among men, humans start as individual moral agents separate from others and then independently learn moral principles to obey. However, Gilligan noticed that Kohlberg's description of moral development did not always apply to women. While men's morals and values begin with reason, law, and justice. This had shaped a culture of men as the “breadwinners” and women as “caretakers”. Part Three: Reflect Culture plays a significant role in shaping an individual's morals and values. Different cultures have different beliefs and values that shape how people understand right and wrong. Culture can affect how we as individuals build values, belief systems, and an understanding of ourselves as individuals or members of society. For instance, I was born and raised in a single- parent household with strong religious beliefs. Therefore, it wasn’t uncommon to see my mother working or maintaining a steady income. We were taught the difference between “good and evil” at a very young age. If we decided to do something that was considered “evil”, we were told we would face judgment from “God” if we didn’t repent for our “sins”. My culture growing up held high values on individualism, compassion, and hard work. We were taught to provide for family and self, with no limits on gender. These cultural biases have changed my outlook on gender equity vs gender equality. As stated before, gender equality implies that women, men, boys, and girls of all classes and races participate as equals and have equal value. They have equal access to resources, freedoms, and opportunities to exercise control. However, those who are gender non-conforming, non-binary, or of the transgender community fall short of the conversation. As a transgender male, I have realized that I am indeed biased and believe that although most, women have an emotional

connection to others and were statistically categorized as housekeepers and caretakers they have the potential to work as hard if not harder than most men. Traditional gender roles have begun to merge over the years, and I believe it could be culturally derived, however, everyone benefits from gender equality and gender equity. References Dockery, L. W. (1922). A study in professional ethics . ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/361 Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Har- vard University Press. Gunner, J. (2019, April 11). What's the difference between ethics, morals, and values? Your Dictionary: Definitions and Meanings from Over a Dozen Trusted Dictionary Sources. https://www.yourdictionary.com/articles/ethics-morals-values-difference Jonathan Kwan - Santa Clara University. (2023, May 5). Care ethics. Santa Clara Univer- sity. https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/care-ethics/ care-ethics The Oboloo Team. (2023, October 25). What is an ethical framework? oboloo. https://oboloo.- com/blog/what-is-an-ethical-framework/#:~:text=An%20ethical%20framework%20is %20a%20system%20of%20moral%20principles%20that,should%20act%20in%20dif- ferent%20situations What are ethical frameworks? (Center for Professional Personnel Development). (2017, October 15). Center for Professional Personnel Development (Department of Agricultural Eco- nomics, Sociology, and Education). https://aese.psu.edu/teachag/curriculum/modules/ bioethics-1/what-are-ethical-frameworks

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Davidson, K. (2015, September 9). In 18 nations, women cannot get a job without their hus- band’s permission. WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-REB-34010

Project 7 Final Draft

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