BL BUSI511 DB 3

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Jun 4, 2024

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BUSI 511: Week 3 DB 1 Discussion Board 3 Compare and contrast 2 of the following major types of health services professionals: physicians, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and certified nurse midwives. Include their roles, training, practice requirements, practice settings, policy impact, and workforce issues. Discuss the interrelationship between medical providers and professional and the patients they serve with the context of an overarching health care delivery systems. The textbook by Shi & Singh (2020)., provides an explanation for the understanding of physicians falling into two types of categories. Doctor of Medicine, which are MDs, and Doctors of osteopath, which are DOs. Both MDs and DOs require a medical degree, and to practice medicine, they are also required to pass the National Board of Medical Examiners and complete a supervised internship/residency (Stanfield, 1995, p. 102-104), (Shi & Singh, 2020, p. 77, para. 3). In addition to the post-graduate medical education physicians also are required to obtain an undergraduate degree, to which their medical training may take many years to complete. Four years of undergraduate studies, plus four years of medical school, plus an internship year, and if the physician decides to practice as a specialist, an additional two to six years of residency, not including any sub-specialty(s) training. In contrast to nurses training which may be included within undergraduate studies such as a bachelor’s in nursing, but still

BUSI 511: Week 3 DB 2 require a state or pact-state nursing. Some nursing positions may only be a 1-year program, such as a licensed practical nurse (LPN), with both in-class instruction along with supervised practical clinical courses (Shi & Singh, 2020, p. 87, para. 1). Practice setting for healthcare providers may be in a private practice setting, in-patient setting, out-patient ambulatory setting, a government-run facility, or a group practice setting. As Shi & Singh point out, health services professionals make up the largest portion of the healthcare labor force (Shi & Singh, 2020, p. 96, para. 5). A new paradigm of care is surfacing in the world of healthcare, precision medicine. Precision medicine is an all-encompassing practice of healthcare to include a whole-health concept. Customization of healthcare in which the provider takes all aspects into consideration—such as environment, family health history, genetics, and lifestyle (Shi & Singh, 2020, p. 95, para. 5). Precision healthcare shows promising signs to help an already heavy burden healthcare system by providing technological tools as a means for gathering health data on patient and delivering the information to their providers in an electronic means. So, when the patient sees their provider, the provider already has the health data to make an informed healthcare decision for treatment (Blasimme et al., 2018). Precision medicine brings hope to alleviate the workforce issues faced in healthcare. Staffing, continuity of care, and provider turnover and burnout is a growing problem many healthcare systems face in maintaining good quality providers for their patients. There is something to be said about healthcare workers, or those working in the healthcare field, as their calling to serve those who are sick is noble. Not everyone can work with the infirmed. It is not an easy job, as many of those who are ill are not always easy to tend to. The injured or those in physical pain may be difficult to deal with and may express their pain in anger or resentment, but healthcare workers are a special kind of people who show

BUSI 511: Week 3 DB 3 compassion and empathy. Healthcare providers remind me of the Psalmist stating that “He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds” (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Psalm 147:3). The recent pandemic of COVID-19 was a perfect example of the dire need for healthcare workers and workers who could handle the mental and physical challenges it takes to withstand the barriers faced by healthcare workers during the crisis. The mental and physical health of healthcare workers were tested as many HCWs faced depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as a group of researchers concluded in their study findings (Sanghera et al., 2020). It will be interesting to see what the future holds for the healthcare setting and labor force. Will it get better, or will it get worse before it gets better?

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BUSI 511: Week 3 DB 4 References Blasimme, A., Fadda, M., Schneider, M., & Vayena, E. (2018). Data sharing for precision medicine: Policy lessons and future directions. Health Affairs, 37 (5), 702- 709. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1558 King James Bible . (2017). King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ Sanghera, J., Pattani, N., Hashmi, Y., Varley, K. F., Cheruvu, M. S., Bradley, A., & Burke, J. R. (2020). The impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 on the mental health of healthcare workers in a hospital setting—A systematic review. Journal of Occupational Health, 62 (1), e12175- n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12175 Shi, L., & Singh, D. A. (2023). Essentials of the U.S. Health Care System — With Access (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN: 9781284235104. Stanfield, P.S. (1995). Introduction to the health professions , Jones and Bartlett publishers.

BL BUSI511 DB 3

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