bio exam

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Saddleback College *

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Biology

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Jan 9, 2024

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-Provides energy and support for cells and organisms Carbohydrates -Carry out nearly all the work of the cells PROTEINS -Store and use genetic information Nucleic acid -Energy storage AND component of biological membranes Lipids -house the reactions of cellular respiration mitochondria -degrades wastes and exerts turgor pressure in plant vacuole -use solar energy to make food chloroplasts -protein production ribosomes -Which of the following are correctly arranged from smallest to largest? atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue -Which of these taxonomic groups includes the greatest number of species? Phylum Hypotheses in science must be testable. True - Which is the correct order of steps in the Scientific Method? Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Conclusion - Which domain are you a member of? Eukarya - A major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes do not have a nucleus in their cells while eukaryotes do. - Humans are composed of ______ cells. eukaryotic -A protein's function is dependent on its shape

-The lower the pH of solution, the less acidic the solution False -Which of the following is the smallest unit of life? The cell - Organisms, such as plants and algae, that make their own food by extracting energy from nonliving sources (like the sun) are classified as autotrophs -Within a single molecule of water, covalen bonds form between oxygen and hydrogen. -All living organisms are composed of one or many cells. True - An ionic bond is a bond in which atoms of opposite charges attract each other. -water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane osmosis -substance moves across membrane without assistance from transport proteins simple diffusion -net movement against a concentration gradient, requires energy input active transport -membrane engulfs substance and draws it into cell endocytosis - The most important aspect of an enzyme that defines its ability to function is its molecular shape -Energy changes form within biological systems, but is never created nor destroyed . True - Examples of potential energy include chemical bonds and concentration gradients.

- In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane? cytoplasm - Oxidation-reduction reactions transfer electrons from one molecule to another. -Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in that they do not possess DNA. False - Reduction means a loss of electrons from an atom or molecule False -The energy currency of cells is ATP - Which of the following structures are found in plant cells but are lacking in animal cells? central vacuole -When using a light microscope to view a cell you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, you conclude that the cell must be a type of ______ cell. prokaryotic -Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ______. cell wall and central vacuole -Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing activation energy - You are working on a forensics team and collect cells from a crime scene. The cells have a cell wall made of cellulose. This sample most likely came from a plant - Cell membranes are semipermeable, as water is not allowed to pass through them freely. False -Photorespiration C3 -Cost of ATP required C4 -Reduced carbon availability CAM

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-Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? aerobic respiration - Plants perform photosynthesis but not cellular respiration. False - Which of the following molecules is a product of cellular respiration? CO2 - What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration? It is reduced at the end of the electron transport chain , forming water . - Burning wood is a reverse reaction of photosynthesis. Knowing this, what products would be formed? carbon dioxide and water - How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration ? They produce ATP - Which of the following occurs as a result of splitting a water molecule in photosystem II? All answer choices are correct. - Which of the following foods can be oxidized by aerobic respiration ? Glucose , fats and proteins - The light reactions occur in the _____ while the Calvin cycle occurs in the _ _____ thylakoid membranes . . . stroma - -What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? light - - Which one of the following is true? Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

- Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration? the cristae of mitochondria - The ________, in the chloroplast, contains photosynthetic pigments in its membrane. thylakoid - The electron transport chain produces a(n) ________ gradient that provides energy for the ATP synthase. proton - Nuclear envelope and nucleolus form at both poles; chromosomes decondense Telophase - Chromosomes condense and become visible prophase - Chromosomes align along equator of cell metaphase - Centromeres split as sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles Anaphase - Division of the cytoplasm into two cells Cytokinesis - The correct sequence of stages of mitosis is ______. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - What is the main function of DNA? encodes proteins -The backbone of DNA consists of ______. a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern - How many codons are in the mRNA sequence GGAAUGAAA? 3 - In Transcription, DNA is copied to produce messenger RNA - The cell cycle results in the production of ______ .Two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and same genetic information - DNA is packaged in units called chromosomes

- All mutations involve some kind of change in the genetic code. True . - All the following refer to mitosis, except Formation of gametes - The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called nucleotides - Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? regulating your body's water water balance (with help from your kidneys!) - Which of the following is an example of an element? Carbon - Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing activation energy - Examples of potential energy include chemical bonds and concentration gradients. - Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ______. chemical energy into kinetic energy -In photosynthesis, the carbon in CO 2 is ________ to form glucose. reduced - Of the following list of plant structures, which is the smallest? chlorophyll - Which of the following is not an example of a photoautotroph? fungi - The summary equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C 6 H12O6 + 6 O2.

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- The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is lost in the form of heat. - All mutations involve some kind of change in the genetic code. True - All of the following refer to mitosis, except Formation of gametes. - The double helix of DNA is composed of building blocks called nucleotides - How many codons are in the mRNA sequence GGAAUGAAA? 3 - Assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male child is also 50%, what is the probability that a couple's first-born child is female and second-born child is male? 25% - Electrophoresis is used in DNA sequencing to separate the DNA fragments. - During which stage of meiosis do synapsis and the formation of tetrads occur? prophase I - Mendel's law of independent assortment states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. - Which one of the following is false ? An allele that is fully expressed is referred to as recessive. - The results of DNA sequencing are used All answers are correct. - Meiosis is a process that produces all of the above - A male expresses an X-linked recessive disorder only if he inherits these alleles from both parents . False - In creating a transgenic organism, the ________ from one species is inserted into another species. DNA - The wide variation in skin color in humans is best explained by Skin color is a polygenic trait.

- Which of the following does not enhance genetic diversity? mitosis of somatic cells - Which gametes can a RRyy plant produce? Ry - The father determines the sex of the child True - Homologous chromosomes are matched in all of the above - The most common allele for any trait is always the dominant allele. False - Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous o ff spring? AA x aa - In humans skin color widely varies. This is because skin color is a polygenic trait. - Nondisjunction occurs when members of a chromosome pair fail to separate. - A 'karyotype' is The collection of chromosomes from a single individual - Alleles are described as alternate versions of a gene - Flowers and fruits are unique to angiosperms - The wings of a bat and a bird are examples of homologous structures - Darwin referred to a gradual change from an ancestral type as descent with modification. - Which of the following is an example of analogous structures? the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat - You are studying two species of dung beetles, one of which rolls its dung balls during the day and rests at night. The other rolls its dung balls at night and rests during the day. These species will not breed because of temporal isolation. - Extinction Both B and C - During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The gira ff e stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its o ff spring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

- Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through artificial selection. - Gradualism suggests that long periods of little change are interrupted by bouts of rapid change False - In terms of impacts on the phenotype, most mutations are ________. neutral - The biological concept of species is based on idea of reproductive isolation - What did Stanley Miller's simulation of Earth's early conditions produce? amino acids - Which of the following are examples of random genetic drift? Both B and C - The observation that most aquatic animals, like fish, penguins, and whales, all have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of convergent evolution. - The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of vestigial structures. - What can be used as a molecular clock to estimate the time since organisms diverged from a common ancestor? DNA - Your Answer: - Phenotypic manifestations of mutations di ff er: # Mutations that have no e ff ect on the manifestation of carrier viability are referred to as neutral mutations. # Harmful mutations are those that cause severe phenotypic e ff ects, including death. - Genetic drift: Occurs when a portion of the population with distinct genetic traits dies or moves away. , which is a random change in a population's allele frequencies over time. This can occur as a result of random events, such as a natural disaster that kills a

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large number of people in a population. Genetic drift can also result in genetic diversity loss over time. - Solation creates new species- Gene flow - Species formation is still ongoing today. New species emerge, for example, when the flow of genes between populations is impeded, preventing the exchange of genetic material. - Natural selection : an organism's ability to survive in its environment and choose the best mate while successfully passing down its genes. HABITAT LOSS : Human endeavors like farming, urban growth, forestry, mining, etc., can also result in habit loss. INTRODUCED SPECIES : Exotic species are those that humans move intentionally or unintentionally from their native habitats to new geographic regions. OVERHARVESTING : Because of overharvesting, organisms such as seabirds, elephants, whales, rhinoceroses, and fish are in danger of extinction. The last threat is GOLBAL CHANGE , which alters the structure of the Earth's ecosystems on a regional to global scale. The ability of Earth to support life has been diminished by global change, which a ff ects the climate, atmospheric chemistry, and large ecological systems. - The ________ in the stratosphere above Earth's surface absorbs much of the harmful UV wavelengths of light. ozone layer - If you went diving in a freshwater lake, you would see very few rooted aquatic plants after a certain depth. What limits plant growth in deeper water? a lack of light

- An increase in the surface temperature of the Earth caused by heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere is known as the greenhouse e ff ect. - Exponential growth is sometimes referred to as the 'J' curve. True - Oysters and many other mollusks produce many o ff spring of which only a few survive to adulthood and then have little risk of predation with their strong adult shells. Oysters are an example of an organism with a type ________ survivorship curve. III - Conservation biologists breed some endangered species like the panda bear in captivity. Which is the most likely reason that panda populations in the wild are still threatened? Loss of habitat has occurred. - You are hiking in the Colorado Rockies in the summer. You start hiking at 6,000 feet in a warm grassland full of elk. As you climb the mountain, you pass through forests from 8,000–10,000 feet with lots of deer. Above 10,000 feet, you are in an alpine tundra with furry marmot lichens and mosses - In regards to a species' life history, opportunistic species produce many o ff spring. - In a survivorship curve, a type III species, like most insects and plants, is a species that has the highest probability of dying at a very young age. - A population is a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area - How is tropical deforestation linked to climate change? Burning the forests releases carbon dioxide and transpiration by trees is diminished. - A newly mated queen ant establishes an ant nest in an unoccupied patch of suitable habitat. Assuming that no disasters strike the nest, which of the following types of equation is likely to best describe its population growth? logistic - The prokaryotes that cause tooth decay have a __________ relationship with humans. parasitic

- The di ff erentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community is called resource partitioning. - In a food chain consisting of phytoplankton → zooplankton → fish → fishermen, the fishermen are tertiary consumers. - Why is it important to maintain biodiversity? All answers are correct. - A caterpillar turning into a butterfly is an example of indirect development. - The diploid first cell of a new organism is a(n) zygote - The temperature in a room dropping below the setting on the thermostat, causing the heater to turn on, and the heater turning o ff when the set temperature is reached, is an example of the principle of negative feedback. - A baby turtle growing into an adult that appears similar is an example of direct development. - If a woman, late in pregnancy, feels contractions of a muscular sac-like organ, she is feeling contractions of her uterus. - You are reading a patient's chart and decide that ovulation has happened. What did the chart show surging to make you think this? LH - Why does the surface of the oocyte change when the first sperm cell touches the oocyte? to prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg - One way humans maintain body temperature is by increasing blood flow to the skin and sweating. Which organ systems are interacting in this process? circulatory and integumentary - The primary function of muscle tissue is contraction . - Patients with muscular dystrophy have decreased voluntary motion, while involuntary motions remain normal. Which tissues are a ff ected by muscular dystrophy? skeletal muscle only - The systems that coordinate communication are nervous and endocrine.

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- The tissue type that receives, processes, and transmits information by providing a communication network among cells is nervous - Which animal tissue has control over the other tissues and is found in all organ systems? nervous - A female salmon laying unfertilized eggs in a nest is preparing them for ________ by a male salmon. external fertilization - The systems that work together to acquire and use energy are digestive, respiratory, and circulatory. - Muscle tissue that is controlled involuntarily and has no striations is smooth . - In the human male and female reproductive systems, each system contains paired primary sex organs called ________, - -which contain ________ that give rise to gametes. gonads; germ cells - The process that unites the male gamete with the female gamete in organisms that reproduce sexually is termed fertilization - The type of connective tissue with a mineralized extracellular matrix is bone - You are asked to research what the eye is. You read that it contains nerves, muscles, and blood cells. Therefore, you decide that it is a(n) organ - Groups of cells that interact and provide a specific function are defined as a(n) tissue - The tightly coiled structure/s inside the testes that produce the sperm cells is/are the seminiferous tubules. - The tissue type that acts as a lining of organs, serves in absorption and secretion, and also conducts gas di ff usion is epithelial - The tissue type that provides support, transport, and insulation is connective

- When a blood clot begins to form, the enzyme thrombin is formed. Thrombin then activates the enzymes that produce more thrombin. This is an example of ________ feedback. positive -

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