Arleen Echevarria - MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY - C888 (1) (1) (1)

docx

School

Western Governors University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

C888

Subject

Biology

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by UltraDonkeyPerson994

• prokaryotic cells- Light microscope • eukaryotic cells- Light microscope • viruses- Transmission electron microscope 1. - I selected a light microscope for prokaryotic cells because it will allow us to view the shape and movement of the cells. This is due to the fact that a light microscope does not require killing the specimen in order to view it since it uses light on the ultraviolet spectrum. - For the same reason, a light microscope is the most appropriate choice to view eukaryotic cells as well. It can be beneficial to view the internal structures of eukaryotic cells such as the mitochondria and nuclei, but the downside is that these cannot be viewed using a light microscope. However, the fine details of the exterior of the cell will be evident with the light microscope. - On the other hand, a transmission electron microscope is the best to use to view viruses since viruses are too small to be seen on a light microscope. An additional benefit to using this type of microscope on viruses is that it is used for the initial identification of viral agents in outbreaks, (Roiengeard, 2008). With a TEM, virus to host interactions can also be seen. B. The main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are that prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. The size range for eukaryotic cells is from 10-100 um and the size range for prokaryotic cells is from 1-10 um. Prokaryotic cells also have a

nucleoid instead of a nucleus. This means that it is not enclosed by a membrane like the nuclear region of a eukaryotic cell. Most prokaryotic cells also have a cell wall that encapsulates the entire cell. This is seen in plant cells that need the additional structure in order to stand tall. The ribosomes of eukaryotic cells are larger than the ribosomes in prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular, whereas eukaryotic cells are multicellular. The main similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells include both having a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, protein synthesis, and ribosomes. The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with phospholipids and proteins that acts as a barrier between the interior of the cell and outside of the cell. The genetic information inside cells regulates cell function. Ribosomes help in RNA translation and protein creation, The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells includes everything inside the plasma membrane, whereas the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells only extends to the outside of the nuclear membrane. A virus measures from 20-300 nm and is a small infective agent. It depends on a living host. Unlike prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, it is non living, More differences include the virus not being able to carry on metabolic activities, not being able to sythnesize proteins and other molecules, and being obligate intracellular parasites, meaning that they can only reproduce once they have infected a host cell. In common with cells is that viruses do contain nucleic acids and genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA. SInce viruses have genetic information, they can also evolve just like cells. However, the nucleic acids in viruses are used to make copies of themselves to replicate themselves once they infect a host cell. Just as a virus infects cells, certain cells such as bacteria cell can also infect other organisms, ut they can also infect nonliving things like water and

soil. The structure of a virus consists of a nucleic acid core that is surrounded by a capsid that contains proein subunits, and some viruses are enveloped. 1. *attached at the end* C. The nucleus stores the genetic information of the cell. The mitochondria produces energy in a chemical form. Ribosomes assemble the proteins of the cell. Lysosomes break things down into smaller molecules. D. Vaccines contain the weakened parts of the entire virus. By injecting this weaker part, our bodies create immunity and learn how to fight off the virus. If one were to then get infected with the real virus, our bodies will remember how to fight it and will be better equipped to deal with the stresses of fighting off a virus. E. Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used at the end of a polymerase chain reaction test (PCR) in order to visualize the results. In the agarose gel electrophoresis, the observer would use a control sample along with the DNA sample being tested in order to see how the sample reacts to the stains and electric currents. This visualization of results would allow the observer to know if the bacterial cell has been infected by a virus. Restriction enzymes can be used to find out if a virus is in the cell or not, as well. With restriction enzymes, DNA can be cut into fragments and then observed in order to properly identify the presence of a virus. Once the virus has been detected, the fragments of viral DNA can be separated using agarose gel electrophoresis, (Suza). The sample that

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

does not contain the smallest strand of DNA is infected by the virus, due to the size of this strand being larger and not being able to make it further down the gel. For example, if a cell is infected y a virus, it will not have the smallest strand of DNA due to the virus DNA contriuting to strand size aand this strand not being able to make it down further in the gel (Robinson, 2022). 1. In order to be able to identify whether or not there is a virus in the samples provided on the “Agarose Gel Diagram”, one would need to note which lane contains the smallest strand of DNA. In the diagram, the lane would be lane 2. Thus, due to the smallest strand being in lane 2, one can conclude that this strand is not infected with a virus. Lane 3 is infected since the smallest strand is in lane 2. WHen viruses infect bacteria, they generally insert viral DNA into the plasmid. One of the pieces will be longer because it has the viral DNA and this will cause it to not move as far down in the gel. Thus, lane 3 is infected by a virus, (Robinson, 2022). F. Antibiotics are medications that can be used to reduce the growth and spread of specific bacterial strains within an organism. Bacteria inside the body exists as individual cells, whereas a virus infects the host cells, (CDC). Thus, a virus cannot be treated with antibiotics because viruses are not alive on their own. They only live within host cells. Viruses do not have a cell wall since they are not a cell. Bacteria cells do have a cell wall. Antibiotics work by attacking the cell wall of the cell. Bacteria can reproduce on their own, but viruses force the host cell to make more of the virus. Thus, viruses cannot be treated by antibiotics, only bacteria can, (Queensland, 2022).

(the pink circle in the nucleus is the nucleolus, the letters are unclear in the image)

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

References Tarantino, Corinne. (2023). Eukaryotic Cell: What is it, Difference from Prokaryotic Cells, and more. https://www.osmosis.org/answers/eukaryotic-cell#:~:text=Eukaryotic %20cells%20are%20cells%20containing,always%20part%20of%20unicellular %20organisms . NIH, (2023). Organelle, https://www.genome.gov/genetics- glossary/Organelle#:~:text=Among%20the%20more%20important%20cell,and %20ribosomes%2C%20which%20assemble%20proteins . WHO, (2020). How do Vaccines Work? https://www.who.int/news-room/feature- stories/detail/how-do-vaccines-work? gclid=Cj0KCQiAxbefBhDfARIsAL4XLRopPBxZHvsejEgan7DjWZd2Q7nfjCCb32bminAr 7d333dpF9Zt9pYAaAvQ6EALw_wcB OpenStax, (2021) Studying Cells. https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Reedley_College/Biology_for_Science_Majors_I/04%3A_ Cell_Structure/4.02%3A_Studying_Cells CDC, (2021) Antibiotic Use Questions and Answers https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/q- a.html BBC, (n.d). Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zy28h39/revision/2#:~:text=The%20electron %20microscope&text=The%20scanning%20electron%20microscope%20 (SEM,the %20surface%20structure%20of%20specimens. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Looking at the Structure of Cells in the Microscope. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26880/ Suza, Walter, (n.d). PCR and Gel Electrophoresis https://iastate.pressbooks.pub/genagbiotech/chapter/pcr-and-gel-electrophoresis/ Queensland, (2022). Why Antibiotics Can’t ABe Used to Treat Covid-19 https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/antibiotics-viruses-cold-flu Robinson, A (2022), Restriction Enzymes and Gel Electrophoresis. Retrieved from - https://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/292851907

Related Documents

Hart_Assignment 4 (1).docx

Lab 5 - Quantative Inheritance - Student Atlas, Fall 2023.pdf

FRSC 1011 _ Final Exam Study Notes.docx

BIO329_Ch16-ConceptQ-ver1.docx

BIO 115 Lab Manual Spring 2023.pdf

Arleen Echevarria- MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY-C888.docx

Assessing the Ears Lecture Notes.docx

Lab 1 BIOS110 Human Genome Project.docx

Lab #2 - Egg Osmosis (1).pdf

Lab #1 - Active and Passive Transport.pdf

Lab #3 - Electron Microscope Sheet & Questions.pdf

HW#5 Sex 2021 blank.pdf

Recommended textbooks for you

Concepts of Biology

Biology

ISBN:9781938168116

Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise

Publisher:OpenStax College

Biology 2e

Biology

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:OpenStax

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Biology (MindTap Course List)

Biology

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Basic Clinical Lab Competencies for Respiratory C...

Nursing

ISBN:9781285244662

Author:White

Publisher:Cengage

Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...

Biology

ISBN:9781305117396

Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cengage Learning

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Concepts of Biology
Biology
ISBN:9781938168116
Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise
Publisher:OpenStax College
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Basic Clinical Lab Competencies for Respiratory C...
Nursing
ISBN:9781285244662
Author:White
Publisher:Cengage
Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...
Biology
ISBN:9781305117396
Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning