ANT203 Practical 7

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University of Toronto *

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Jan 9, 2024

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Name: Enkhzul Khuyagbaatar Practical session: PRA0101 ANT203Y1 Lab 7: Human skeletal biology I Laboratory Format and Codes of Conduct ➡ You may be observing REAL human remains in the during practical sessions. Please be mindful of this at all times. Human remains must always be treated with care and respect, including in digital and virtual settings. ➡ Please do not use the writing tip of a pen or pencil, etc., for pointing out any osteological feature. Do not mark the skeletal remains in any way. ➡ Osteological material MUST stay in the laboratory at all times. Please do not remove any material from the laboratory. ➡ You MUST NOT share or disseminate images ( i.e. photos, screenshots ), links, videos, recordings, or other materials that depict human skeletal remains, including those of the virtual models provided. ➡ Virtual remains of human skeletons are not curiosities to be distributed FOR ANY PURPOSE . ➡ Images can be taken of the osteological material in the laboratory ONLY for your personal use. Any images you take cannot be shared with anyone except the instructor and TA and must be destroyed at the end of the course. PLEASE CHECK WITH THE TA OR INSTRUCTOR before taking pictures of any osteological material. ➡ It is a privilege for human skeletal remains and virtual models of skeletal elements to be available to students in this course, and ALL STUDENTS are expected to engage with these models following the highest ethical practices and standards. ➡ Only individuals who are REGISTERED in the course are permitted to view the human remains in the laboratory or virtually available for the course. Failure to abide by any of these points could result in suspension of laboratory privileges and access to virtual models FOR ALL STUDENTS and a review of further penalties for students contravening these codes of conduct. Statement on Human Skeletal Remains in AP130

Name: Enkhzul Khuyagbaatar Practical session: PRA0101 During this semester, this class will use room AP130 located in the Department of Anthropology building for lectures and practicals. During some practical sessions in this term and next term, this room may contain human skeletal remains from deceased individuals that were sourced from India and acquired by the Department as part of the Teaching Collection. The skeletal remains of these individuals were legally purchased prior to when the export of human skeletal remains from India was outlawed in 1985. These individuals are not visible or accessible unless such interaction is considered essential for courses with content on human skeletal biology and anatomy. This is to demonstrate respect for and maintain the privacy of these individuals in keeping with ethical best practices in osteology. We recognize and respect that some students for various religious, cultural, or personal reasons may feel uncomfortable with being in a learning environment where human remains are present. If you require accommodation for accessing AP130, please inform your instructor or teaching assistant (reasons do not need to be disclosed). If you require support for your wellbeing, please approach the following resources provided below. Support for Students in Distress Various resources for different types of distress, including culturally-competent, and immediate support contacts. https://studentlife.utoronto.ca/task/support-when-you-feel-distressed/ First Nations House Mental Health WayFinder Culturally relevant services for Indigenous students. https://studentlife.utoronto.ca/department/first-nations-house/ Health and Wellness Centre (formerly Counselling and Psychological Services) Individual counselling/psychotherapy, group therapy, workshops and psychiatric medication services and general health services. https://studentlife.utoronto.ca/department/health-wellness/ Contact Information: 416-978-8030; info.hwc@utoronto.ca If you are interested in learning more about the ethics of osteological collections and research with human skeletal remains, you can reference the following materials or reach out to your instructor or TA for additional resources: DeWitte, Sharon N. 2015. Bioarchaeology and the Ethics of Research Using Human Skeletal Remains. History Compass 13 (10: 10-19). If you are interested in learning more about the Collections at the Department’s St. George campus, please visit: https://www.anthropology.utoronto.ca/research/other-research/collections * The numbered bones / features will not necessarily match the examples in the textbook exercises (which you can do on your own for additional practice).

Name: Enkhzul Khuyagbaatar Practical session: PRA0101 Part A: Lab 5 Exercises 5 (10 minutes) Use directional terminology to describe the relationship between the following pairs of bones in the human skeleton. Use the skeleton provide in the lab to help you. Cranium – pelvis The cranium is positioned above the pelvis. The pelvis is located below the cranium. Tibia – fibula The tibia and fibula are located next to each other in the lower leg. The tibia is positioned on the inner side of the leg, while the fibula is on the outer side. Sternum – thoracic vertebrae The sternum is located in front of the thoracic vertebrae. On the other hand, the thoracic vertebrae are located behind the sternum. Radius – humerus The radius is located distally to the humerus when considering the arm in anatomical position. The humerus is located near the radius. Femur – tarsals The femur is located closer to the tarsals. The tarsals are located further down from the femur. Pinky toe phalanges – big toe phalanges The pinky toe phalanges are located on the outer side of the foot, next to the phalanges of the big toe. On the other hand, the phalanges of the big toe are positioned closer to the centre of the foot compared to the phalanges of the pinky toe. Occipital – frontal The occipital bone is located behind the frontal bone. The frontal bone is located in front of the occipital bone. Lumbar vertebrae – cervical vertebrae The lumbar vertebrae are located below the cervical vertebrae. On the other hand, the cervical vertebrae are positioned above the lumbar vertebrae. Part B: Lab 6 Exercise 1: Cranium (10 mins) Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor. Some of the major bones of the cranium have been assigned numbers. For each number, provide the appropriate bone name in the space below. Please note that some features & teeth have been added to this exercise. 1) Temporal bone 6) Frontal bone 2) Mandible 7) Zygomatic bone

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Name: Enkhzul Khuyagbaatar Practical session: PRA0101 3) Maxilla 8) 4) Parietal bone 9) 5) Occipital bone 10 Exercise 3c: Vertebrae (10 mins) Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor to answer the following questions. 1. Which mystery vertebra is a cervical vertebra? Describe two features that helped you determine this. The presence of a bifid or split spinous process is a unique characteristic of cervical vertebrae. The spinous process is split into two branches, giving it a fork-like appearance. The remarkable characteristic enables the connection of neck muscles and ligaments, enhancing the neck's flexibility and range of motion. Cervical vertebrae are the only vertebrae in the spinal column that possess transverse foramina. These tiny, skeletal openings can be found on either side of the vertebral body. They act as pathways for the vertebral arteries, which provide blood to the brain. The presence of transverse foramina is a clear indication of cervical vertebrae and aids in confirming its identity. 2. Which mystery vertebra is a thoracic vertebra? Describe two features that helped you determine this. The presence of articulating facets or demi-facets on the vertebral body and transverse processes is one of the most distinctive features of thoracic vertebrae. I noticed these features on the sides of the vertebral body that enable the ribs to articulate and attach. These aspects are vital for the development of the thoracic cage and the connection of the ribcage to the spine. The spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae are usually elongated and slender, projecting backwards and extending downwards. The spinous process is elongated and points downwards. This feature is different from the bifid spinous processes found in cervical vertebrae and the stronger spinous processes found in lumbar vertebrae. 3. Which mystery vertebra is a lumbar vertebra? Describe two features that helped you determine this. The lumbar vertebrae are characterized by their prominent, block-shaped vertebral bodies. I notice the considerable size of the vertebral body, which is generally wider from side to side and top to bottom compared to the vertebral bodies of other parts of the spine. The vertebral body is quite large, which helps to maintain stability and bear the weight of the upper body. Lumbar vertebrae are known for their spinous processes, which are short and thick. The spinous process appears to be strong and extends towards the back. The spinous process of this type is different from the long and slender spinous processes found in thoracic vertebrae and the bifid spinous processes found in cervical vertebrae. Exercises 5 & 6 (10 mins)

Name: Enkhzul Khuyagbaatar Practical session: PRA0101 Refer to the postcranial material provided by your instructor. Some major bones have been assigned numbers. For each number, provide the appropriate bone name in the space below. Please note that some bones have been added to this exercise. 1) Radius bone 6) Femur 2) Forbel bone 7) Fibula 3) Metacarpal 8) Metatarsal 4) Ulna 9) Tibia 5) Humerus 10) Tarsal

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