Notes%20for%20BIOL.pdf

● All the following are unifying characteristics of life: The ability to reproduce; the ability to develop; the ability to utilize energy; and The presence of cells. ● Deductive is a type of reasoning that is utilized in hypothesis testing. ● Non-polar is not a property of water, but the following is: 1. When it is composed of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms 2. When there is a separation of charge within the molecule 3. When different water molecules are attracted to each other ● Sugar and salt are molecules that can be dissolved in water, but cholesterol cannot. ● A characteristic of carbon is that it can form 4 chemical bonds. It does not have a valance of 3. It is only found in organic molecules as well as in carbohydrates, but not in lipids. ● The following requires water (hydrogen) to occur: Digestion of sucrose to glucose and fructose, hydrolysis of proteins, degradation of fats, and breakdown of nucleic acids to nucleotides ● Cholesterol is where all steroids are synthesized. ● Lipids are hydrophobic, as fatty acids are overall non-polar. ● Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all found within a cell membrane. ● Cellulose is a molecule that cannot be digested by humans due to a lack of a specific hydrolytic enzyme. ● Mitochondria is an organelle that contains aerobic cellular respiration. ● The subatomic particle that transfers energy from one molecule to another is electrons. ● When it concerns metabolic enzymes: they are usually protein in nature and lower the activation energy for a specific reaction. It does not change the nature of the products. ● An example of an anabolic process: DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. ● Glucose contains the most stored/potential energy. Put notes of graded quiz in this ● The following occurs during meiosis but not mitosis: homologous chromosomes separate and chromosomes crossover ● The fertilization of gametes restores the diploid state in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms ● Which of the following is characteristic of plant but not animal cytokinesis? Formation of cell plate ● The following occurs during the S phase of interphase: DNA is replicated. ● Chromosomes become visible with a light microscope during this stage of mitosis: prophase ● DNA is replicated during the S phase of interphase. ● This occurs during meiosis but NOT mitosis: homologous chromosomes separate and chromosomes crossover ● The process of fertilization of gametes restores the diploid state in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms. ● Which of the following is characteristic of plant but not animal cytokinesis? formation of two daughter cells, formation of cleavage furrow, formation of cell plate, formation of actin ring

● Chromosomes become visible with a light microscope during this stage of mitosis: prophase. ● Hershey’s and Chase’s classical experiment led to the discovery of DNA as genetic material. ● Uracil is a nucleotide found in RNA but NOT DNA ● This occurs during replication: double stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicase; Single stranded DNA is stabilized; DNA polymerase forms the daughter DNA ● bRNA is not involved in protein synthesis, but mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA is. ● Consider a cross between a homozygous dominant and heterozygous individual for a particular gene. Let’s call is gene X. What is the probability that any given offspring will be heterozygous for gene X? 50% ● The following are characteristic of animals: heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and embryonic development leading to a fixed body plan ● Mitochondria is an organelle that contains aerobic cellular respiration, not cytosol, chloroplasts, or peroxisome. ● The following domains include plants and animals: ● This is a distinguishing feature of prokaryotes compared with eukaryotes: only prokaryotes are capable of nitrogen fixation ● In the life cycle of a plant, this generation is haploid: Chemical reactions occur at what level of the atom? Question 1 Select one: a. protons b. neutrons c.

Select one: a. This is an anabolic process b. This is a catabolic process c. This is both anabolic and catabolic d. This is a metabolic process but is neither anabolic nor catabolic Feedback The correct answer is: This is a catabolic process Question 3 Not answered Marked out of 1.00

Flag question Question text Which of the following occurs during meiosis but NOT mitosis? Question 3 Select one: a. homologous chromosomes separate b. chromosomes crossover c. sister chromatids separate d. DNA condenses into chromosomes e.

b. ribosome c. mRNA d. none of the above Feedback The correct answer is: gene Question 5 Not answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question text

Which of the following molecules cannot be digested by humans due to the lack of a specific hydrolytic enzyme? Question 5 Select one: a. Starch b. Cellulose c. Glycogen d. Fats e. all of the above Feedback The correct answer is: Cellulose

stroma d. endoplasmic reticulum e. all of the above Feedback The correct answer is: chloroplasts Question 7 Not answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which type of reasoning is used in hypothesis testing?

Question 7 Select one: a. inductive b. deductive c. reductive d. none of the above Feedback The correct answer is: deductive Question 8 Not answered

Feedback The correct answer is: mutation Question 9 Not answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? Question 9 Select one: a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other.

b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. d. all of the above e. none of the above Feedback The correct answer is: all of the above Question 10 Not answered Marked out of 1.00

all of the above Feedback The correct answer is: volcanoes Question 11 Not answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In complete dominance, a heterozygous genotype results in … Question 11 Select one: a. a recessive phenotype

b. a dominant phenotype c. a third and unique phenotype d. none of the above Feedback The correct answer is: a dominant phenotype Question 12 Not answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question text

Question 13 Not answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Which of the following occurs during replication? Question 13 Select one: a. double stranded DNA is unwound by DNA helicase b. Single stranded DNA is stabilized c.

DNA polymerase forms the daughter DNA d. all of the above Feedback The correct answer is: all of the above Question 14 Not answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Who’s classical experiment lead to the discovery of DNA as genetic material? Question 14 Select one: