Module 1 Practice Activity 1-Alonzo-final

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Angel 1 Cristal Angel Professor Alonzo Bio 2104-C00 Microbiology w/Lab 10 February 2024 Module 1 Practice Activity 1. The contributions made to microbiology by Pasteur and Leeuwenhoek were not only beneficial but also significant. Pasteur not only identified the importance of immunizations, fermentation, and pasteurization. In addition to his studies on germs, Pasteur started looking into anthrax in 1879, when the disease had already claimed many lives in Europe from sheep and was now spreading to people. Pasteur and another German scientist, Robert Koch, produced indisputable proof that the infection was caused by anthrax. As a result, the germ hypothesis of disease was established, and numerous immunizations were developed to treat it. However, Leeuwenhoek made one of the most significant contributions to biology as one of the first people to see microorganisms using a microscope of his own invention. Van Leeuwenhoek did not connect these processes and bacteria, but he used a microscope to show that there were forms of life invisible to unaided sight. 2. There are two other forms of mono- and disaccharides that can be utilized as energy sources: lactose and sucrose for disaccharides, and galactose and fructose for monosaccharides. Dairy products, fruits, and vegetables all contain galactose, a kind of sugar. Galactose is a carbohydrate that is transformed into glucose by the metabolic process and used as an energy source. It can also be found in smaller levels in certain cereals, legumes, and beets. In addition to fruits and some root vegetables, fructose is also included in processed meals like drinks. Most of the fructose is employed as sweeteners like honey. Most frequently utilized by the body as a rapid energy source. Naturally present in milk and most dairy products is lactose. Like sucrose, lactose is broken down into its component parts during digestion, giving the body an energy source. Lactose is made up of glucose and galactose molecules. Table sugar, or sucrose,

Angel 1 is made up of linked fructose and glucose. During digestion, it is broken down into the monosaccharides of its constituents, which provide energy throughout the body. 3. There are various reasons why researching an organism's genotype is distinct from examining its phenotype. A gene's genotype is the sequence of DNA that an organism has inherited from its parents and can express. Genotypes of organisms are studied using methods like genetic testing and DNA sequencing. However, phenotype describes the qualities and discernible traits that arise from genetics and environment. To understand phenotypes, one must conduct experiments, make observations, and take measurements, it includes physical features, biochemical properties, physiological processes, and behavior. 4. Extrachromosomal DNA elements, such plasmids and transposons, play a significant role in acquiring and spreading antibiotic resistance genes among microbes. Plasmids are tiny circular DNA molecules that exist independently. Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance through gene transfer, allowing germs to develop defense tactics. Antibiotic resistance genes are frequently carried by transposons, as are movement-facilitating sequences. These two acts as transporters for germs, allowing bacteria to acquire, exchange, and transmit antibiotic resistance, providing a serious challenge to antibiotic efficacy. References and Sources: L. (2021, March 6). 2.3: Extrachromosomal elements, plasmids, selectable markers . Biology LibreTexts. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biochemistry)/ 2%3A_Bacteria/2.3%3A_Extrachromosomal_elements_plasmids_selectable_markers

Angel 1 Aryal, S. (2023, August 28). Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides . Microbe Notes. https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates/ Sapkota, A. (2023, August 3). Phenotype vs. Genotype: 10 Differences, Examples . Microbe Notes. https://microbenotes.com/phenotype-vs-genotype/ L. (2022, December 24). 1.1B: History of Microbiology - Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and Cohn . Biology LibreTexts. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/ 01%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.01%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.1B %3A_History_of_Microbiology_-_Hooke_van_Leeuwenhoek_and_Cohn

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