Exploring Spinal Cord Anatomy: Activities and Observations

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 3 LABORATORY EXERCISE 7 Laboratory Exercise ( 3 pts, total value ) Exercise: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves ( 1 pt ) ACTIVITY 1 – Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves : To begin, identify the listed gross anatomical structures of the spinal cord on the HUMAN TORSO MODEL available in lab. ( HINT: FIGURES 16.1, pp 479 and 16.2, pp 481 may be helpful. ) HUMAN TORSO MODEL : spinal cord, posterior median fissure, spinal rootlets, spinal nerve, conus medullaris, cauda equina, meningeal layers ( dura, arachnoid & pia matter ) Remove the thoracic vertebrae, list/describe structures found. Identify the cervical , thoracic , lumbar & sacral spinal nerves on the VERTEBRAL COLUMN MODEL ; describe what you observe. State where they exit from the vertebral column.

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 4 The spinal nerves leave the vertebral column through the intervertebral foraminae. Some spinal nerves are intermingled in plexuses, from which the peripheral nerves are formed, each nerve containing fibers from several spinal cord segments. Now identify the listed gross anatomical structures on the SPINAL CORD MODEL available in lab. ( HINT: FIGURES 16.2, pp 481 and 16.3, pp 483 may be helpful. ) SPINAL CORD MODEL : white matter ( anterior, lateral & posterior funiculi ), gray matter ( anterior, lateral & posterior horns ), gray commissure, central canal, spinal rootlets, anterior root, posterior root, posterior root ganglion, spinal nerve, anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 5 ACTIVITY 2 – Microscopic anatomy of the Spinal Cord : Students should also be able to identify pertinent microscopic anatomical characteristics by examining the prepared microscope slide of a CROSS-SECTION OF A SPINAL CORD available in lab. Utilizing FIGURE 16.3a, pp 483 and the labeled micrograph below , identify the following prominent structures of the spinal cord: gray matter ( anterior, lateral & posterior horns ), white matter ( anterior, lateral & posterior funiculi ), anterior median fissure, central canal, posterior median sulcus, gray commissure, dura mater, pia mater 1-Posterior funiculcus 7-anterior horn 13-pia mater 2- lateral faniculi 14:anterior median fissure 8-gray commissure 15-anterior rootlets 3-anterior faniculi 9- central canal 23-dorsal root 4- white commissure 10- posterior median sulcus 24-dorsal root ganglion 5-posterior gray matter horn 25- anterior root 6- lateral horn 26-spinal nerve

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BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 6 Exercise: General Senses-Tactile Receptors ( 0.5 pts ) Cross-section of the Spinal Cord

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 7 ACTIVITY 1-Tactile Receptors : Identify some common tactile receptors by reviewing the INTEGUMENT MODEL and identify the following tactile receptors ( FIGURE 19.5, pp 557 may be helpful ): free nerve endings, root hair plexus, tactile corpuscle ( Meissner’s corpuscle ), lamellated corpuscle ( Pacinian corpuscle ), Bulbous corpuscle ( Ruffini corpuscle ) Study the microscopic anatomy by viewing the prepared microscope slides available for GENERAL SENSES , a tactile corpuscle ( Meissner’s corpuscle ) and lamellated corpuscle ( Pacinian corpuscle ); micrographs have been provided to assist you ( source: http://www.siumed.edu/ ~dking2/index.htm ) Exercise: Special Senses ACTIVITY 1-Gustation: Examine the microscopic anatomy of a TASTE BUD by viewing the prepared microscope slide of a taste bud; utilize FIGURE 19.7d, pp 561 to assist you. In the space provided, draw a taste bud and list the cellular components that comprise this sensory structure. Free nerve ending Root hair plexus Tactile corpuscle Lamellated corpuscle Bulbous corpuscle

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 8 ACTIVITY 2- Olfaction : Examine the microscopic anatomy of the olfactory epithelium by viewing the prepared microscope slide of the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM ; utilize FIGURE 19.6b, pp 560 to assist you. List the cellular components that comprise this sensory structure.

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BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 9 ACTIVITY 3-Vision: By observing the eyes of another student, find the accessory eye structures you listed in question 5a of your Pre-Lab assignment, ( FIGURE 19.9a, pp 564 may be helpful )-list those you can observe. Continue your investigation of the eye by identifying the following listed external and internal structures on the EYE MODEL ; utilize FIGURE 19.11, pp 566 to assist you with this activity. cornea, limbus ( corneal scleral junction ), sclera, choroid, ciliary body, iris, pupil, lens, retina, anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous humor, CN II ( Optic Nerve ), optic disc, fovea centralis Which of the accessory structures can you observe on the EYE MODEL ? (List them .) Also identify these internally located accessory structures, the lacrimal gland , lacrimal canaliculi and lacrimal sac on the EYE MODEL ( FIGURE 19.10, pp 565 may be helpful ).

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 10 Students should be able to identify the extrinsic eye muscles on the EYE MODEL available in lab; utilize FIGURE 11.4, pp 325 to assist you. superior & inferior rectus, medial & lateral rectus, superior & inferior oblique

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 11 The retina is the internal layer of the eye wall and houses the sensory receptors, called photoreceptor cells , for visualizing objects in our environment. Students should be able to identify the cellular layers that comprise the retina ( see FIGURE 19.13c, pp 568 ); view the prepared microscope slides for the RETINA to learn about this sensory structure. Sketch and label the layers of the retina. ACTIVITY 4-DISSECTION AND IDENTIFICATION, Cow/Sheep Eye: Follow the dissection and identification instructions provided in the Addendum- Cow/Sheep Eye Dissection . Students should be able to identify the following anatomical structures: cornea, sclera, limbus ( corneal scleral junction ), optic nerve, ciliary body, lens, iris, pupil, retina, choroid, optic disc, vitreous humor, aqueous humor During dissection, identify the tapetum lucidum ; describe its function. Do humans have one? The tapetum lucidum is a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates. It normally functions to provide the light-sensitive retinal cells with a second opportunity for photon-photoreceptor stimulation, thereby enhancing visual sensitivity at low light levels. No, humans don’t have one. What is the difference between vitreous humor and aqueous humor ?

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BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 12 The main difference between the vitreous humor and the aqueous humor is that there is a set amount of the vitreous humor in your eye, and it does not move freely about between the two. ACTIVITY 5-Equilibrium and Hearing: Using FIGURE 19.19, pp 578, identify the following anatomical structures on the EAR MODEL available in lab. auricle/pinna, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, auditory tube, oval window, auditory ossicles – malleus, incus & stapes, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, round window, CN VIII-vestibular & cochlear branch

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 13 Utilizing FIGURE 19.24, pp 583, along with the provided micrograph, view the prepared microscope slide of the CRISTA AMPULLARIS ; we will only be investigating this sensory structure for equilibrium. To learn about the sensory structure for hearing, view the prepared microscope slide of the COCHLEA . Label the listed structures on the following micrograph that you observe on the prepared microscope slide available in lab. ( FIGURE 19.26d, pp 585 may be helpful. )

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 14 spiral organ, hair cells, tectorial membrane, basilar membrane, scala vestibule, cochlear duct, scala tympani, vestibular membrane Students should also be able to identify the anatomical structures listed on the COCHLEAR MODEL available in lab. ( FIGURE 19.26, pp 585 will assist you to accomplish this ) spiral organ, hair cells, tectorial membrane, basilar membrane, scala vestibule, cochlear duct, scala tympani, vestibular membrane, spiral ganglion, cochlear branch of CN VIII, stria vascularis Scala vestibule Vestibular membrane Scala tmypani Tectorial membrane Basilar membrane Cochlear duct Hair cells Spiral duct

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BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 15 ACTIVITY 6-Review, Human Torso Model : Capture a picture(s) of the HUMAN TORSO MODEL illustrating what sensory organs/structures can be found. Cervical nerves(C1-C8) 3 rd thoracic vertebra First lumbar vertebra Conus medullaris 2 nd lumbar vertebrae Cervical enlargement of spinal cord 3 rd thoracic nerve Sympathetic chain ganglia Intercostal nerves Dura mater Dorsal root ganglia of L1 and L2 Cauda equina Sacral nerves (S1-S5)

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 16 NAME: ________________________ LAB SECTION:________ DATE: __________ DISSECTION AND IDENTIFICATION, Cow/Sheep Eye: Follow the dissection and identification instructions provided in the Cow/Sheep Eye Dissection information provided in this handout and accompanying video dissection. Answer any questions within this dissection activity. Students should be able to identify the following anatomical structures: cornea, sclera, limbus ( corneal scleral junction ), optic nerve, ciliary body, lens, iris, pupil, retina, choroid, optic disc, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, anterior cavity ( anterior & posterior chamber ), posterior cavity During dissection, identify the tapetum lucidum ; describe its function. Do humans have one? The tapetum lucidum is a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates. It normally functions to provide the light-sensitive retinal cells with a second opportunity for photon-photoreceptor stimulation, thereby enhancing visual sensitivity at low light levels. No, humans don’t have one. What is the difference between vitreous humor and aqueous humor ? The main difference between the vitreous humor and the aqueous humor is that there is a set amount of the vitreous humor in your eye, and it does not move freely about between the two. chambers. It remains in the posterior chamber. 1. Obtain a dissecting tray, dissecting tools and preserved cow eye. Observe the gross anatomy of the eye before making any cuts. Using FIGURE 1a & b as a guide, identify the following structures: cornea, sclera, limbus (corneal scleral junction), optic nerve

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 17 2. Using scissors and forceps ( the tissue will be slippery and tough ), trim off orbital fat and extrinsic eye muscles, leaving the optic nerve intact ( see FIGURE 1b .) Notice the toughness of the outer covering or sclera of the eye. This is the layer of tissue you will need to cut through in order to view structures within the eye. 3. Using the sharp end of the scissors, make a puncture along the coronal plane of the sclera ( see FIGURE 2 ). BE CAREFUL, inner eye pressure may be such that fluid will squirt out. Now cut the eye open by making a coronal incision through the sclera that completely encircles the eye ( see FIGURE 3 ). Once you do this, you will notice that a jellylike fluid oozes out of the posterior cavity of the eye. This fluid is the vitreous humor which fills the posterior cavity and whose function includes holding the retina against the posterolateral walls of the eye. In the cow eye, some of the choroid , which contains black pigment, becomes mixed into the vitreous humor once the eye is cut open thus, you may find that you have gooey, black flecked contents; this in normal for a preserved specimen. Identify the structures in the posterior half of the dissected eye, looking first for a yellowish, thin membrane that is connected to the posterior wall of the eye at only one spot; this is the retina. The retina is very delicate and easily falls away FIGURE 1 . Preserved Cow Eye

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BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 18 from the posterior wall of the eye when the vitreous humor is not present to hold it in place. 4. Find the location where the retina attaches to the posterior wall of the eye ( it will “pucker” in this area ). This is the optic disk , or blind spot ( see FIGURE 1c ). It is called the blind spot because it is devoid of photoreceptor cells. This is where axons from the ganglion layer of the retina leave the eye and travel through the brain via the optic nerve (CN II). 5. Observe the inner walls of the posterior half of the eye. Notice the very colorful, iridescent tapetum lucidum . This structure is not present in humans but is present in animals that must be able to see well in dim light, such as cows. The tapetum lucidum serves to reflect light within the eye, making objects more visible but the object does not become sharper. In humans, the inside of the eye is completely coated with a black choroid, which absorbs excess light. This makes it more difficult for us to see in objects in the dark. On the plus side, the images that we do see are sharper. 6. Now focus your attention on the anterior portion of the eye. Notice the semitransparent lens , which is suspended in place by a ring of black-colored tissue ( may fall out, loosely held in place in preserved eye ). This tissue is the ciliary body , whose function is to suspend the lens. The cavity anterior to the lens and posterior to the cornea is the FIGURE 2 . Incision at coronal plane. FIGURE 3 . Internal region of cow eye.

BIOL3151 – Functional Human Anatomy Laboratory Human Anatomy Laboratory Workbook 19 anterior cavity of the eye. In a living organism, the anterior chamber is filled with a clear, watery fluid called aqueous humor . 7. Identify the following structures on the interior of the dissected cow eye, using FIGURE 4 and other provided figures as guides: anterior cavity ( anterior & posterior chamber ), choroid, ciliary body, lens, optic disc, posterior cavity, retina, tapetum lucidum, vitreous humor FIGURE 4 . Internal structures of cow eye.

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