Cancer final study guide 3

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Austin Peay State University *

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Apr 3, 2024

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Quiz 1 1. Which of the following is true of ribosomes? A. Ribosomes are found in eukaryotes only. B. Ribosomes are the site of transcription. C. Ribosomes are where RNA is translated into proteins D. Both A and C are true. E. All of the above are true. 2. True or False: C ancer is a collection of diseases that typically results from an accumulation of mutations. 3. Which of the following makes up the spindle apparatus? A. actin B. myosin C. microtubules D. intermediate filaments E. mitochondria 4. What major activity happens during the S phase of the cell cycle? It may be helpful to think about what S means. Copy of DNA 5. What is the name of the process where cells die in a programmed way? Apotosis 6. When transcription factor E2F is active, what cell cycle checkpoint is cleared? A. G2/M B. G1/S C. M D. G1/G2 7. Which of the following proteins interacts with E2F to keep it in its inactive state? A. p53 B. pRb C. p21 D. cyclin E. cohesin 8. What term is used to describe a change in the DNA sequence? mutation 9. Describe a general characteristic of cancer cells. Rapidly divides: mutated cells; no apotosis 10-11. A malignant tumor is made up of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade healthy tissue. If cancerous cells spread from their primary location to a new location, the term used to describe this spread is metatstisize . 12. Which of the following is true of Myc protein? A. It is a transcription factor that stimulates cell cycle progression. B. It is an example of a tumor suppressor. C. It stimulates the cell to carry out apoptosis. D. It regulates the cell cycle at the M checkpoint. 1 3. True or False: Mutations in the gene that encodes for p53 are found in half of all cancers.

14. Cancer cells may stimulate angiogenesis? What is this? New blood pathways to the cancer cells 15-16. What are two ways cancer cells benefit from angiogenesis? More nutriennts and more o2 supply 17. Which of the following are proto-oncogenes/oncogenes? Circle all that are proto-oncogenes/oncogenes. A. p53 B. p21 C. Ras GTPase D. Myc E. pRB 18-19. What are two things that are being evaluated at the S checkpoint and G2 checkpoint. Damage, resourcea 20. True or False : Both copies of a proto-oncogene/oncogene must be mutated for the e ff ect to occur. 21. True or False: Both copies of a tumor suppressor must be mutated for the e ff ect to occur. 22-23. The mitochondria produces ATP in a process known as cellular respiration . 24. A tumor was discovered in Susie ! s breast. Later, it was determined that cells from the original tumor spread to her liver and brain. What kind(s) of cancer does Susie have? Circle all that apply. A. Breast cancer B. Liver (hepatic) cancer C. Brain cancer D. Skin cancer 25. How do mutations in DNA repair genes impact cancer progression? Can cause it to spread faster since it can’t be repaired Quiz 2 1. Which of the following is true of mitochondria? A. Mitochondria are found in eukaryotes only. B. There is only one mitochondria per cell. C. Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration. D. Both A and C are true. E. All of the above are true. 2. True or False: Cancer is a collection of diseases that typically results from a single mutation. 3. Which of the following makes up the cleavage furrow? A. actin B. dynein C. microtubules D. intermediate filaments E. mitochondria

4. What phase of the cell cycle includes G1, S, and G2? interphase 5. What is apoptosis? Programmed cell death 6. What phase of mitosis has a checkpoint? A. prophase B. anaphase C. telophase D. metaphase 7. Which of the following interacts with pRB, rendering it inactive? A. CDK B. E2F C. p21 D. cyclin E. cohesin 8. What is a mutation? When the amino acid sequence in Dna has changed 9. True or False: Proto-oncogenes may encode for growth factors or growth factor receptors. 10. If a person ! s cancer has spread, it has metastisized . 11. What is the name given to a collection of abnormal cells that are not cancerous? benign 12. Which of the following is true of BCL-2 protein? A. It is a transcription factor that stimulates cell cycle progression. B. It is an example of a tumor suppressor. C. It inhibits apoptosis. D. It regulates the cell cycle at the M checkpoint. 13. True or False: Mutations in the gene that encodes for p53 are found in all cancers. 14. True or False: Angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels. 15-16. Withdrawal from the cell cycle is known as G0 . What cells do this? Liver cells 17. Which of the following are tumor suppressors? Circle all that are tumor suppressors. A. p53 B. p21 C. Ras GTPase D. Myc E. pRB 18. True or False: Both copies of a tumor suppressor must typically be mutated for the e ff ect to occur. 19. Which proteins are expressed during the cell cycle stimulating the cycle to progress? • Cyclin dependent kinases • Tumor suppressors • Receptors • Cyclins • Microtubules 20-25. Fill in the Blanks: The life of a cell is super busy! The cell must move nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane. The process of bringing materials into the cell by pitting the membrane inward is known as endocytes . If materials brought into the cell need to be broken into smaller components, digestion will occur in the lysomes . Sometimes a protein known as

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a receptor is stimulated on the outside surface of the cell. This protein acts like a doorbell letting the interior of the cell know that something is happening outside. All of this transport takes lots of energy! Inside the mitochondria, ATP is being made in gigantic quantities. If proteins need to be made, some of that ATP will be used in that process. The nucleus houses the DNA in eukaryotes and genes are used to make messenger RNA or mRNA. The mRNA is translated on the ribosomes, which may be free in the cytoplasm or associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins get processed via a variety of modifications in the golgi . Cells are structural and functional units of life. We would not be considered living without our living cells! Quiz 3 1. What is the term used to describe the DNA sequence and the study of changes in that sequence? genetics 2. What is the term used to describe changes related to packaging of DNA and access to genes, but does not involve the DNA sequence itself? epigenetics 3. Where does a germline mutation occur? Genetic in the DNA 4. What germline mutation is found in Li-Fraumeni syndrome? A. p53 B. pRB C. BRCA-1 D. IGF-1 5. True or False: The majority of newly diagnosed cancers occur in individuals over the age of 55, making age the greatest risk factor for developing cancer. 6. What e ff ect does insulin binding to the A type insulin receptors have on cellular activity? A. It stimulates the cells to divide. B. It stimulates the cells to go through apoptosis. C. It stimulates the cell to take up glucose. D. Both A and C E. All of the above 7. True or False: Hyperinsulinemia is associated with obesity. 8. What type of cells does Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infect? A. Red blood cells B. B lymphocytes C. Monocytes D. Hepatocytes 9 . Although cancer caused by EBV is rare, list a type of cancer link to EBV infection. lymphoma 10. Why is it important to vaccinate against HPV around 11-12 years of age? Prevent cancers associated with HPV 11. What types of cancer are associated with HPV? List one. Cervical cancer 12-13. What type of condition does H. pylori cause and what type of cancer is it sometimes associated with H. pylori ? ulcers and stomach 14. Why do certain types of cancer occur more often in those with autoimmune diseases? Immune system is already compromised 15. Pluripotent stems cells can develop into any body cell except the____________ A. heart B. nervous system C. placenta D. lungs

16. True or False: When everyone living in the same household develops the same type of cancer, the cancer must be caused by a genetic mutation. 17. T rue or False: Methylation and de-methylation may increase or decrease gene expression. 18. True or False : If a person has a risk factor for developing cancer, the question is not if the person will get cancer, but when the person will get cancer. 19. Somatic cell mutations are caused by which of the following? A. inheritance B. spontaneous processes C. environmental factors D. Both A and C E. All of the above 20. True or False: Viruses sometimes induce mutations. 21. Which of the following can increase with obesity? A. insulin B. estrogen C. insulin-like growth factor-1 D. All of the above 22. What gene is mutated with sickle cell anemia? hemoglobin 23. If a person has a mutation in BRCA-1 or BRCA-2, what might they decide to do based on learning about these mutations? Masectomy 24. True or false : most people will never get ebv, which is why those cancers are rare. 25. What is the most significant risk factor for developing lung cancer. smoking Quiz 4 Carefully read the following statements and determine if they are true or false. 1. True or False: A female with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome has almost a 100% chance of developing cancer. 2. True or False: A mutation in the BRCA-1 gene means that a person will develop breast or ovarian cancer. 3. True or False: Cancer risk increases with age. 4. True or False: HTLV-1 is the only human RNA virus associated with cancer. 5. True or False: Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria associated with lung cancer. 6. True or False: Autoimmune disease treatments that reduce immune system function lead to an increased risk of cancer development because the immune system is not fully functioning. 7. True or False: A direct link between alcohol and liver cancer has been identified. 8. True or False: The risk of developing cancer from exposure to UV and radon gas is dose-dependent . 9. True or False: If you have a risk factor for a certain type of cancer, you will develop that cancer type. 10. True or False: Screening tests are not important if a person is already at risk for developing cancer. 11. True or False: There is a link between alcohol intake and breast cancer. 12. True or False: Particulate matter found in air pollution has been linked to bladder and kidney cancer.

13. Which of the following is decreased as a result of elevated insulin levels in the blood? A. insulin-like growth factor B. sex hormone binding globulin C. testosterone D. estrogen E. growth hormone 14. The main agent in smokeless tobacco that causes cancer is A. tobacco-specific-N-nitrosamines B. formaldehyde C. lead D. polyaromatic hydrocarbons E. asbestos 15. What is the source of cancer-causing nitrogen dioxides and nitrogen oxide? A. asbestos B. air pollution C. water pollution D. tobacco smoke E. alcohol 16. Which of the following is linked to mesothelioma? A. alcohol B. tobacco smoke C. asbestos D. HPV infection E. autoimmune disease 17. Which of the following cancers is most often caused by tobacco smoke and radon? A. breast B. colon C. stomach D. esophagus E. lung 18. What type of cancer is most common? A. colon B. stomach C. lung D. skin E. liver 19. Mutations that originate from the egg or sperm are called _________________ mutations. 20. Give an example of epigenetics. _______________________ Susie and Breast Cancer Susie has just learned that she has breast cancer. She is very concerned that her sister and daughter might be at risk for also developing breast cancer since they live in the same house together and are exposed to many of the same environmental conditions. She asks the doctor about the ___________________ associated with developing breast cancer and learns that a mutation in the genes _____________ and _____________ are associated with breast cancer development risk. Her sister drinks ______________ and Susie learns that drinking it can be associated with breast cancer risk. Susie questions whether smoking, radon exposure, or driving in tra ﬃ c might lead to breast cancer, but learns that those environmental factors are more associated with _________________ cancer. Since Susie, her daughter, and her sister like to tan outside, she questions if being in the sun is dangerous. She learns that UV exposure is associated with _____________ cancer and that more time spent in the sun can lead to greater risk, meaning it is dose-dependent. Susie decides that although UV exposure does not lead to breast cancer, it would be

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wise to wear sunscreen and limit time in the sun. She also encourages her sister to limit alcohol intake and to quit smoking, since the two together are ___________________ in the development of cancer. Quiz 5 1. True or False: Cancer screening tests, like fecal occult blood, are used to diagnose cancer. 2. True or False: An excessive growth of abnormal tissue is called a neoplasm. 3. True or False: Fecal occult blood is considered an invasive screening test. 4. True or False: Cologuard tests for abnormal DNA forms associated with colon cancer. 5. True or False: Eighty percent of breast cancers are found through breast self exams. 6. True or False: Having one mutation in a BRCA gene significantly increases a person ! s risk for developing breast cancer. 7. True or False: Elevated levels of CA-125 indicate the presence of cancer. 8. What type of healthcare provider does the sedation during the colonoscopy procedure? ____________________________ 9. What type of healthcare provider conducts a Pap smear? ___________________________ 10. What type of test is a mammogram? _________________________ 11. What type of healthcare provider interprets the test result from the mammogram and gives these results to the doctor who ordered the mammogram? ________________________________ 12. What part of the body is examined with a colonoscopy? Be specific. ________________________________ 13. Where are cells taken from in a Pap smear? ________________________ 14. What type of cancer is most often caused by HPV? __________________________ 15. What type of healthcare provider does the colonoscopy procedure? ____________________________ 16. When a healthcare provider performs a rectal exam on a male, what organ is being examined? ______________________________ 17. What type of blood test might be ordered in conjunction with a rectal exam in males to test the organ mentioned in question 16? ______________________________ 18. A __________________ is when a tissue sample is taken to be tested for abnormal cells. 19. What type of healthcare provider works in the lab examining tissues for potential cancer using special staining and other testing? __________________________________ 20. What type of healthcare provider works in the lab conducting testing on blood, urine, and stool, among other body fluids? ____________________________________ 21. On the fecal occult blood test, what color indicates the presence of blood? ___________________ 22. What type of tissue is often removed during a colonoscopy? _________________ 23. True or False: Mammograms are invasive. 24. True or False: Tumor markers are a reliable way to diagnose cancer. 25. True or False: HPV vaccination can protect females, but not males from reproductive cancers. Quiz 6 1. Identify a common symptom associated with most cancer types. __________fatigue or weight loss______________ 2. Kidney cancers may include cells types that originate from cells making up the ureters. What type of cells are these? A. basal cells B. secreting cells C. transitional cells D. pseudostratified cells 3. When grading cancer, a healthcare provider may give a grade of G1 to G4. What is being graded with this G rating? Abnormal cell shapes 4-6. What does the T refer to in the TNM staging? tumor What about the N? Number of lymph nopdes infected What about the M? metastisized 7-9. If a person has a T1N0M0 staging, what does this mean? Smalll tumor with no infected lymph nodes and it has not spread

10-11. What type of cells are normally found lining organs and body cavities and making up the outer layer of the skin? Epithelial What type of cancer is derived from these cell types? carcinomas 12-13. What cancer type results from the pigment producing cells? melanoma What is the prognosis of this type of cancer (is it easy to treat)? _________________________ 14. What does the term squamous mean when referring to cells that are involving in lining? ________________________ 15. What does the term stratified mean when referring to cells that are involved in lining? ________________________ 16. What type of cancer comprises over 90% of all cancers? A. sarcoma B. melanoma C. carcinoma D. adenocarcinoma 17. True or False: UV radiation, burns, and even tattoos can stimulate the production of basal cell cancers. 18-19. Give an example of a cancer type caused by an adenocarcinoma and the type of gland involved. 20-21. What do the letters in the ABCDE rule stand for? What type of cancer is it primarily used for? Be specific. 22-23. What are the three germ layers and what type of cancer is derived from those? 24. At what joint do most osteosarcomas occur? A. shoulder girdle B. mandible C. knee D. ankle 25. What type of tissue is involved in soft tissue sarcomas? A. muscle B. adipose C. nervous tissue D. blood vessels E. All of the above Quiz 7/8 1. What type of cancer leads to elevated levels of white blood cells? leukenmias 2. What type of cancer results in a painless swelling of a lymph node? lymphomas 3. What type of cancer occurs in the bone marrow and can lead to low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets? myeloma 4. What type of cancer is associated with Reed-Sternberg cells? Hodgkins lymphoma 5. What type of cancer is associated with night sweats and weight loss (that we discussed)? lymphoma 6. What type of cancer produces paraprotein? myeloma 7. What type of cancer arises from immature cells known as blasts? blastoma 9. How is chemotherapy administered? Give two ways. Orally or IV 10. What normal cell type is commonly impacted by chemotherapy? Epithelial cells 11. What does the cell type mentioned in question 10 have in common with cancer cells? Rapid divisions 12. What do alkylating agents do to treat cancer? Damage DNA

13. What common mutation impacts the e ff ectiveness of alkylating agents? P53 mutation 14. How do antimetabolites work? Interfere with accurate Dna copying 15. How do topoisomerase inhibitors work? Prevent certain enzymes from functioning which stalls replication 16. What are the two types of radiation treatments? Internal or intravenious 17. How might radiation treatment be used if cancer has established secondary tumors? Help shrink and reduce tumor size 18. Why is surgery not a good option if the primary tumor has spread? Its metasiszed to pther areas so no longer contained 19. What does immunotherapy do to treat cancer? Stimulates body to fight cancer cells 21. What type of cells are targeted with immune checkpoint inhibitors? How does this work? T cells progress thro cell cycle faster 22. Why would it not be good to combine immune checkpoint inhibitors with treatments like alkylating agents? Represses immune system 23. What is adoptive cell transfer? Use patients own immune cells to treat their cancer 24. What type of cell is used in ACT? Lymphocytes/t cells 25. What other treatment options might be combined with surgery? Radiation/chemo

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