Ans_ProbSet8_Ch9,10

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Assignment 8 for Biol 311 (2023 Fall, Section 2) Coverage: Chapter 9, Chapter 10; Snustad and Simmons, Principles of Genetics (7th ed) (Assigned on Oct 26, due 11:59 PM Nov 2, 2023) 1. Multiple Choice (3 points each; 60 points total) 1) Who deduced that the structure of DNA is a double helix? a) Miescher b) Griffith c) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty *d) Watson and Crick e) Hershey and Chase 2) Some viruses use __________ as the genetic material, rather than DNA. a) carbohydrates b) silica gel *c) RNA d) lipids e) protein 3) The property of _________ of the DNA double helix makes DNA uniquely suited to store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, *a) complementarity b) antiparallel strands c) double helix d) phosphodiester backbone e) hydrogen bonding 4) Which of the following is true of double stranded DNA? 1. [A]=[T] 2. [G]=[C] 3. [A+T]=[G+C] a) 2 b) 3 c) 1 *d) 1 and 2 are correct e) 1, 2, and 3 are all correct 5) How was the double helical structure of DNA determined experimentally? a) TMV phage infection b) DNase treatment of Streptococcus c) T2 infection d) radiolabeling phage *e) X-ray diffraction 6) Nucleotides are composed of:
a) a nitrogen-containing base b) a pentose sugar c) a phosphate group *d) all of these e) none of these 7) DNA in a double helix is antiparallel. What does antiparallel mean? a) the bases are hydrogen bonded to each other b) the backbone is made up of phosphodiester linkages *c) one strand runs in a 5’ to 3’ direction, and the other strand runs in a 3’ to 5’ direction d) A bonds to T and C bonds to G e) each strand serves as a template for the other 8) There are several alternative forms of double helical DNA. The B DNA form is: a) seen in high salt conditions b) seen in partially dehydrated conditions *c) the standard right-handed double helical structure d) a left-handed structure e) a DNA-RNA hybrid structure 9) ___________ allows DNA to be collapsed into a tight structure. a) proteins b) enzymes *c) supercoils d) Z DNA e) helices 10) What is a telomere? a) the end of a linear chromosome b) a structure that keeps the ends of a linear chromosome from fusing with one another c) sequences that contain short tandem repeats located at the end of a linear chromosome d) a structure that protects the ends of linear chromosomes from degradation *e) all of these are correct 11) Each nucleosome: a) also uses protamines for 30 nm fiber formation. *b) has 146 nucleotide pairs of DNA wrapped around the octamer of histones. c) consists of the 30 nm fiber. d) holds one negative supercoil. e) must use histone H1 for stabilization. 12) Three levels of condensation are required to package metaphase chromosomes. In order of complexity, lowest to highest, they are: *a) Supercoiling into nucleosomes, chromatin fiber condensation, scaffold formation b) Chromatin fiber condensation, supercoiling into nucleosomes, scaffold formation c) Scaffold formation, supercoiling into nucleosomes, chromatin fiber condensation
d) Supercoiling into nucleosomes, scaffold formation, chromatin fiber condensation e) Scaffold formation, chromatin fiber condensation, supercoiling into nucleosomes 13) The mechanism of DNA replication where each of the complementary strands from the parental double helix is conserved is termed: a) conservative *b) semiconservative c) replicative d) incomplete e) random 14) Messelson and Stahl first analyzed bacterial replication to determine the mechanism of replication. They: a) labeled DNA with thymidine and analyzed the structure during subsequent rounds of replication. b) watched DNA replication under an electron microscope. *c) labeled DNA with heavy nitrogen and then looked to see the density of the DNA after one round of replication. d) used autoradiography to visualize replication forks. e) used X-ray diffraction to look at the replication fork. 15) Which of the following would you find only on the lagging strand of DNA? a) DNA polyermase III b) origin of replication c) primer d) activity of DNA polyermase *e) Okazaki fragments 16) Which enzyme covalently bonds a 3′-OH to a 5′ phosphorous in DNA, such as when DNA is nicked or to link Okazaki fragments together? a) topoisomerase *b) DNA ligase c) DNA polymerase I d) DNA polymerase III e) DNA primase 17) What is the function of topoisomerase in DNA replication in prokaryotes? *a) alleviate supercoiling ahead of the replication fork b) maintain DNA in a single stranded state before replication c) synthesize a free 3′ OH for DNA polymerase to use d) make the RNA part of the chromosome e) break the hydrogen bonds between complementary strands 18) Which of the following is true of eukaryotic DNA replication? a) histones are synthesized during S phase for chromatin packaging b) the cell must duplicate the nucleosome structure on the chromosome after replication
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c) nucleosomes are dissembled right before replicating a section of DNA d) eukaryotes have many more DNA polymerases than prokaryotes do *e) all of these are true 19) The function of which protein is to maintain single stranded conformation until it can be replicated? *a) SSB protein b) ligase c) primase d) DNA polymerase e) helicase 20) High fidelity due to proofreading in DNA replication means: a) DNA primase never makes a mistake b) error rates are large *c) error rates are low because of the 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase III d) mutation rates are large e) DNA polymerase never makes a mistake 2. Short-answer questions (21 points) 1) List the seven key enzymes involved in prokaryotic DNA replication and their respective functions. (6 points, deduction of 0.5 points for each incorrect enzyme or each function.) Hint. Refer to the Youtube video(s) on Blackboard. A table can be used. Answer omitted. Enzyme Function 2) DNA replication models/mechanism. (4 points) There are three possible DNA replication modes that have been proposed to explain the mechanism of DNA replication. They are i) conservative; ii) semi-conservative; iii) dispersive/random. Given the diagram below, specify the corresponding mode for the three scenarios. a.____________. b.__________ c.___________
Provide your answer here. a.__ semi-conservative __; b. __ conservative ____; c.__ dispersive/random__________; d) which model turns out to be correct mechanism: _ semi-conservative _________.
3) Matching. Choose in the boxes in the diagram below with the corresponding strands or enzymes involved in prokaryotic DNA replication . (10 points) Matching choices: 1) primase; 2) leading strand; 3) helicase; 4) topoisomerase; 5) lagging strand 6) SSB (single strand binding protein); 7) DNA Polymerase III (holoenzyme); 8) ligase; 9) DNA Polymerase I; 10) Okazaki fragment. Hint 1: Please refer to the lecture slides of Chapter 10.
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Provide your answers below with the matching choice given above: a). ___ leading___strand; b). ___ lagging____strand; c). ___ Okazaki___________ fragment; d). __ topoisomerase _; e). _ helicase __; f). _ SSB (single strand binding protein _____; g). __ Primase ____; h). _ DNA Polymerase III (holoenzyme ) ; i). __ DNA Polymerase I _; j). ____ ligase _____. Note: answer can be the corresponding number, but not necessarily the name/term.

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