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Recitation 3, Genetic Analysis I, 2023 NAME and RUID____________________ Due 9/27/23 1) A new rodent has been discovered called Scarlet Knights. Scarlet Knights are typically coated in armor. The mutation naked (N) is 2 0 % penetrant and dominant under normal conditions. The nn genotype yields an armored phenotype, which is also the wild-type phenotype. What are the possible genotypes of a naked Knight (0.5 pts): What are the possible genotypes of an armored Knight? (0.5 pts): A breeder mates a homozygous wild-type armored Knight with a naked Knight who is the offspring of a mating between an armored and a naked Knight. What will be the potential genotype ratios of the progeny of the mating (0.5 pt)? State your assumptions for each possibility for the parent’s genotypes in the wild-type X naked Knight cross. Show the crosses of each possibility --remember that one of the parents is a wild type, but the naked night could be any of 2 genotypes… What will be the phenotype ratio for each of your possible crosses (0.5 pt)? 2) The environment can influence penetrance. When lions are present, the naked allele becomes 60% penetrant and is still dominant. If a lion is present, what will the genotype ratio be in the progeny when a breeder mates a homozygous wild-type armored Knight with a naked Knight (same cross as above) who is the offspring of a mating between an armored and a naked Knight? (0.5 pt) State your assumptions for each possibility. What will the phenotype frequency be in the progeny (0.5 pt)? 3) (1pt) Now consider if naked is sex-influenced, with females exhibiting the naked trait in a heterozygous state (Nn) and males exhibiting the armored phenotype in the heterozygous state? A breeder mates a homozygous wild-type armored Knight with a naked Knight female who is the offspring of a mating between an armored and a naked Knight. Consider any possible genotypes of the female in working through the next steps and provide answers for each possible cross. Give the genotype and phenotype frequency for each males and females, and show your work. Remember to still factor in the penetrance, but this time there are no lions present.
4) (1pt) What if naked is sex-linked recessive (and not sex-influenced or dominant as in the previous problem)? Assume Knights have XY sex chromosomes analogous to humans. A naked female Knight with genotype X n X n is crossed to a male Knight with a wild type genotype. Remember to still factor in the penetrance, and no lions are present. Calculate the expected frequency of the phenotype for all progeny , given that males and females are born at equivalent rates. Show your calculations for both males and females, and also for the whole group of progeny. _______ 5) Which single-gene Mendelian inheritance pattern type best describes what is observed in the pedigree below (0.5 pt)? (1pt) Draw a pedigree for an x-linked dominant family. Explain what about the pedigree makes the trait most-likely to be x-linked dominant and not anything else. (0.5 pt) Draw a pedigree for a incomplete dominant trait of fur color (grey, black, white, with grey as the heterozygous phenotype). Explain what makes the pedigree appear to show a incomplete dominant trait. 6) (0.5 pts each) Provide 3 different molecular explanations, one for each example we discussed (Gain of function, haploinsufficiency, dominant negative) , for how dominant mutant phenotypes typically arise . Type of dominance: Gain of function Explanation for this type of dominance: Type of dominance: haploinsufficiency Explanation for this type of dominance: Type of dominance: dominant negative Explanation for this type of dominance:
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What type of dominance might explain the following examples: a) Vampire fangs are mutant dominant phenotypes caused by lower levels of a gene needed to make tooth enamel because only one functional allele of the gene is present. Enough enamel is made for the outside of the teeth, but the insides can’t form, and this leads to hollow teeth that can function to suck blood. Type of dominance to explain vampire fangs: b) Toothless dragons result from a mutation to a gene that makes an abnormal shaped tooth structural protein. The protein interferes with normal stacking of wild-type proteins in the tooth building process, and thus the remaining, normal protein product can’t assemble properly, and no teeth can grow. Type of dominance to explain toothless: c) Pegasus are winged horses. They are mutants that arise when their coat hair proteins stack and link together more efficiently than wild type hair proteins. Thus they are mutated in a way that they can assemble into wing-like structures instead of hair. Type of dominance to explain winged horses:

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