Assignment8_Chapter8

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Brooklyn College, CUNY *

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1100

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Chapter8 Practice Questions Question 1: The transduction of saltiness is accomplished, in part, by a Na -permeable channel. Why would a sugar-permeable membrane channel be a poor mechanism for the transduction of sweetness? ANS: Na+ is the primary source of the salty taste we experience. It is facilitated by a Na+ permeable channel. However, sweetness is the product of many different molecules which vary widely in their molecular structure and organization. This is why a sugar-permeable membrane would be poor channel for signal transduction – it isn’t enough to cover the gamut of possibilities. Question 2: Chemicals that have sweet, bitter, and umami tastes all activate precisely the same intracellular signaling molecules. Given this fact, can you explain how the nervous system can distinguish the tastes of sugar, alkaloids, and amino acids? ANS: The nervous system is able to differentiate sweet, bitter and umami in large part due to the presence of different taste cells. Despite using the same G-protein pathways, it is in the fact that these taste cells express slightly different recepters aligned with a specific taste, whether sweet, bitter or umami. Sugar, alkaloids and amino acids are differentially sensed because signal transduction is carried out separately.

Question 3: Receptor cells of the gustatory and olfactory systems undergo a constant cycle of growth, death, and maturation. Therefore, the connections they make with the brain must be continually renewed as well. Can you propose a set of mechanisms that would allow the connections to be remade in a specific way, again and again, over the course of an entire lifetime? ANS: Chemical signatures left over from dying cells would signal the growth of new neuronal connections. These chemical signatures would be specific to a targeted region of the brain, such that despite constant rejuvenation, the neuronal connections would be maintained. Question 4: If the olfactory system does use some kind of spatial mapping to encode specific odors, how might the rest of the brain read the map? ANS: A spatial map relevant to the olfactory system would have little to no salience to the rest of the brain structures. It might be used as a reference for neuronal interconnectedness.

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