Chapter 10

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Probiotics A. involve microbial antagonism. B. are an alternative to the use of chemotherapy. C. involve the use of extracts from microorganisms. D. is a term for resistance to antibiotics. E. are an alternative to the use of chemotherapy involving microbial antagonism. Alterations in the structure of which of the following are an important aspect of Gram-negative bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs? A. plasmids B. porins C. mitochondria D. cytoplasmic membrane E. ribosomes Which scientist coined the term antibiotic? A. Fleming B. Domagk C. Kirby D. Ehrlich E. Waksman Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by A. preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits. B. blocking the secretion of cell wall molecules from the cytoplasm. C. preventing the formation of alanine-alanine bridges. D. disrupting the formation of the mycolic acid layer of the cell wall. E. preventing the formation of ?-lactamases. Which of the following drugs inhibits nucleic acid synthesis specifically in prokaryotes? A. quinolones B. actinomycin C. rifampin D. tetracycline E. 5-fluorocytosin Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which all antimicrobial agents can be evaluated? A. their spectrum of action B. their efficacy C. their activity against cell walls D. their route of administration E. their safety Which of the following works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis? A. fluconazole B. turbinafine C. amphotericin B D. nystatin E. both fluconazole and turbinafine

Which of the following statements concerning development of antibiotic resistance is FALSE? A. It is often mediated by R-plasmids. B. Resistant cells are normally in the minority in a bacterial population. C. Resistant cells grow more efficiently and quickly than susceptible cells. D. New resistance genes can be gained through transformation, transduction, or conjugation. E. Resistance can occur through mutation of existing bacterial genes. Which of the following groups of drugs can become incorporated into the bones and teeth of a fetus? A. beta-lactams B. aminoglycosides C. quinolones D. tetracyclines E. sulfonamides B-lactamase production is an example of which of the following types of resistance? A. alteration of the target of the drug B. inactivation of the drug C. change in the permeability of the drug D. overproduction of an enzyme in a key metabolic pathway E. removal of the drug via a pump Which of the following is a measurement associated with the broth dilution test? A. the zone of inhibition B. lack of turbidity C. cell lysis D. lack of turbidity and zone of inhibition E. presence of turbidity and cell lysis Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by A. inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall. B. inhibiting protein synthesis. C. inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis. D. inhibiting metabolic pathways. E. disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane. A large percentage of antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs are produced by members of the genus A. Cephalosporium. B. Penicillium. C. Bacillus. D. Mycobacterium. E. Streptomyces. The Etest determines which of the following? A. susceptibility B. MBC C. MIC D. both susceptibility and MIC E. both MBC and MIC

Which of the following statements is true of selective toxicity? A. Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural differences between host and pathogen. B. To be effective, an antimicrobial agent must be more toxic to the patient than the pathogen. C. Selective toxicity takes advantage of metabolic differences between host and pathogen. D. Antimicrobial agents must target structural differences between host and pathogen and be more toxic to the patient than the pathogen. E. Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural and/or metabolic differences between host and pathogen. Which of the following is NOT a target of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis? A. the shape of the 30S ribosomal subunit B. interference with alanine-alanine bridges C. the enzymatic site of the 50S ribosomal subunit D. movement of the ribosome from one codon to the next E. the tRNA docking site Antimicrobial sugar analogs are effective for A. preventing bacterial protein synthesis. B. preventing cell membrane synthesis. C. preventing virus attachment. D. preventing nucleic acid synthesis. E. blocking a metabolic pathway. Antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are A. aminoglycosides. B. antisense nucleic acids. C. macrolides. D. beta-lactams. E. nucleic acid analogs. Who discovered the first widely available antibiotic? A. Domagk B. Ehrlich C. Fleming D. Waksman E. Ehrlich and Waksman Sulfonamides A. are antimetabolic drugs. B. were the first widely used antimicrobial drugs. C. indirectly inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids. D. are no longer widely used. E. were the first widely used antimetabolic antimicrobial and indirectly inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following? A. Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure. B. Cells cannot attach to their hosts. C. Ribosomes lose their function. D. The sterols in the cell wall become nonfunctional. E. The replication of cells, including cancer cells, slows down.

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Which of the following statements about the zone of inhibition is FALSE? A. It is measured as a diameter. B. The larger the zone, the more resistant the organism is. C. It is a clearing zone with no growth. D. It is a result of diffusion of the drug out of the paper disk. E. It is measured after incubation. Which of the following antibiotics disrupts cytoplasmic membrane function? A. streptomycin B. erythromycin C. tetracycline D. penicillin E. amphotericin B Which of the following interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation? A. beta-lactams B. cycloserine C. bacitracin D. vancomycin E. both cycloserine and vancomycin Which of the following pathways is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides? A. the conversion of tetrahydrofolic acid to PABA B. the conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid C. the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid D. the conversion of PABA to tetrahydrofolic acid E. the conversion of dihydrofolic acid to PABA Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs. A. heart B. kidneys C. liver D. brain E. colon It is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu because A. the microbes involved can develop resistance rapidly. B. these diseases are transmitted by endospores, which are hard to kill. C. these diseases exhibit cross resistance. D. these diseases are caused by viruses. E. these diseases can act synergistically with each other. Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs? A. They are less stable and consequently have fewer side effects. B. They work faster. C. They have a broader spectrum of action. D. They must be administered intravenously. E. They are not readily absorbed, so they persist longer.

The most limited group of antimicrobial agents is the ________ drugs. A. antibacterial B. antifungal C. anthelmintic D. antiviral E. antiprotozoan The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid, A. cross resistance. B. antimetabolism. C. synergism. D. selective toxicity. E. chemotherapy. Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes? A. Mycobacterium B. Candida albicans C. Clostridium difficile D. both Mycobacterium and Clostridium difficile E. Candida albicans, Mycobacterium, and Clostridium difficile Which of the following drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid? A. vancomycin B. penicillin C. methicillin D. isoniazid E. bacitracin Which of the following can result when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota? A. anaphylactic shock B. black hairy tongue C. pseudomembranous colitis D. thrush E. both pseudomembranous colitis and thrush Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells? A. animal cells B. bacterial cells C. fungal cells D. virus-infected cells E. both animal and fungal cells Because all cells engage in protein synthesis, there are few antimicrobial drugs that selectively inhibit this process. False Beta-lactam drugs act by inhibiting formation of the cytoplasmic membrane. False Brain and spinal cord infections are difficult to treat because most antimicrobial drugs cannot diffuse out of the blood into these organs. True Antisense nucleic acids are designed to have no side effects against humans. True Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively pump the drugs out of the cell. True

The mechanism of action of the antibiotic vancomycin is A) inhibition of protein synthesis. B) inhibition of cell wall synthesis. C) inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. D) inhibition of a metabolic pathway. E) disruption of cytoplasmic membranes. Another term for the Kirby Bauer test is the-diffusion susceptibility test Methicillin is an example of the beta-lactum class of drugs that A) disrupt cytoplasmic membranes. B) inhibit cell wall synthesis. C) inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. D) inhibit metabolic pathways. E) inhibit protein synthesis. The tetracyclines interfere with- Protein synthesis Ribavirin is an antiviral that interferes with A) protein synthesis B) cell wall synthesis C) cell membrane component synthesis D) Nucleic acid synthesis E) viral attachment Trimethoprim is an example of antimicrobials that A) disrupt cytoplasmic membranes B) inhibit cell wall synthesis C) inhibit nucleic acid synthesis D) inhibit metabolic pathways E) inhibit protein synthesis Paul Erlich coined the term antibiotics for the "magic bullet" antimicrobials he pursued. False If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, the concentration of the drug was bactericidal. False Which of the following antifungals works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis? A) fluconazole B) turbinafine C) amphotericin B D) nystatin E) both fluconazole and turbinafine The antimicrobials called quinolones act by A) disrupting cytoplasmic membranes B) inhibiting cell wall synthesis C) inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis D) inhibiting a metabolic pathway E) inhibiting protein synthesis The antimicrobial polymyxin- disrupts cytoplasmic membranes The outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria enables many antimicrobial drugs to enter the cell more easily. False Organs that are commonly affected by drug toxicity include the kidneys & the liver. True Many antimicrobial drugs that affect the cytoplasmic memrane are used only externally because they can be toxic to humans. True

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The mechanism of action of erythromycin is A) inhibition of protein synthesis B) inhibition of cell wall synthesis C) inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis D) inhibition of metabolic pathway E) disruption of cytoplasmic membranes Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug that- disrupts cytoplasmic membranes The mechanism of action of sulfonamides is A) inhibition of metabolic pathways. B) inhibition of cell wall synthesis. C) inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. D) disruption of cytoplasmic membranes. E) inhibition of protein synthesis.

Chapter 10

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