Exam 1 Answers

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Exam 1 Answers 1. If a cell is waiting white it checks itself for DNA damage or misfiled dna proteins, it is likely at which cell cycle checkpoint? a. G2 checkpoint 2. This type of cell would be likely to have a haploid number of chromosomes a. gamete b. I chose somatic cell because I thought the option was different from the rest since all of them but somatic cell pertained to meiosis. Gamete is the right answer because since its apart of meiosis, it needs another gamete to produce a diploid state, meaning that the one gamete is in a haploid state. 3. From where does the chemical energy come to form a phosphodiester bond? a. the triphosphate group b. I selected the 3-OH group because I thought this was the location where the phosphodiester bonds would take place. The ENERGY comes from the triphosphate group creating the attachment. 4. A particular part of a chromosome has the sequence 5’-CGAGTCA-3’. What would be the complementary sequence on the other strand of the helix? a. 5’-TGACTCG-3’ 5. A restriction enzyme recognizes the following sequence and cuts at the arrow. What type of ends would the resulting molecules have? 5’-C|CTAGG-3’ a. Sticky 5’ overhang 6. Mitosis is technically complete following the division of the… a. nucleus

b. I chose the cytoplasm because I believed that the division of the cytoplasm would create the two different cells and completed mitosis. Nucleus is right because the division of the cytoplasm marks the end of cytokinesis, not mitosis since it had already ended prior. 7. What part of the DNA gives it a strong negative charge? a. Phosphate groups 8. What is the name of the enzyme that cuts cohesins in anaphase, initiating movement of the chromatids towards the poles? a. separase 9. In metaphase, spindle fibers attach directly to the… a. kinetochore b. I chose cohesins based solely off of guessing. Kinetochores is the right answer due to the spindle fibers connecting to these that allows for the movement of the chromosomes to the poles for mitosis to proceed. 10. A particular recognition sequence for a restriction enzyme contains six base pairs. Given the first three bases, complete the following palindromic recognition sequence. 5’- TAG___-3’ a. 5’-CTA-3’ 11. The Sanger method takes advantage of fluorescent, chemically-modified nucleotides to do its function. The ribose in these nucleotides have been modified to… a. Lack a hydroxyl group on carbon 3. 12. How would DNA replication be affected if the cell lost function of the helicase? a. replication would not be able to begin

13. This enzyme’s job is to make nicks in the DNA ahead of a replication fork in order to relieve supercoiling or over winding. a. Topoisomerase 14. Part of a gene contains the sequence 5’-GTATGCC-3’. What would be the sequence of the RNA that is transcribed from this DNA? a. 5’-GGCAUAC-3’ b. I chose 5’-CAUACGG-3’. My thoughts were going quite fast and did not remember I had to flip the sequence due to the orientation of the strand. Could have been an easy two points! 15. Erwin Chargaff studied nitrogenous base rations in a variety of species. If he found that 12% of bases in a hamster were adenine, what percentage of the bases would guanine complete? a. 38% 16. Aster spindle fibers are one of three classes of spindle fibers, which have a very specific job. What is the function of this type of spindle fiber? a. to anchor the central some to the cytoskeleton/cell membrane 17. Below is part of a chromosome that you would like to amplify using PCR. Which of the following would make a functional primer to aid in the PCR reaction? 5’-CCCTGGCTCTGTAAATGTTTCTAAGTG-3’ 3’-GGGACCGAGACATTTACAAAGATTCAC-5’ a. 5’-CACTT-3’ 18. What is the most important event that takes place during the S phase of the cell cycle? a. DNA replication

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19. DNA polymerase occasionally makes mistakes when copying the genome. What is the most common response to these errors? a. The polymerase proofreads its work and corrects the mistake. 20. During cytokinesis, a special actin microfilament forms around the equator of the cell. What can be found at the place where the two ends of the fiber overlap? a. Motor proteins 21. What method was used to generate Rosalind Franklin’s Photo 51? a. x-ray diffraction 22. Which of the following is a stereotypical thing for the cell to do during G1 phase of the cell cycle? a. intense growth b. I chose the cell becomes idle (does almost nothing) because within the notes, it states that the G1 phase of the cell has time pass, grows, or waits for an external signal to come and initiate it into the next phase. I felt that two of the answers should have been correct based off what we learned in class. 23. What are the purine bases in DNA? a. Adenine and guanine 24. Consider the biochemical pathway below. A-1>B-2>C-3>D-4>E. With respect to enzyme 3, molecule C is its? a. substrate b. I chose intermediate because I was thinking of the biochemical pathway as a whole. From the question, it specifically states with respect to enzyme 3, making the C molecule a substrate. If we discussed the entire pathway, C would be an intermediate.

25. Which of the following is not found in minimal medium? a. arginine 26. You mutagenize cells and then observe DNA replication with an electron microscope. You see that replication bubbles open at the origins of replication, but instead of growing larger, they stay small and seal up shortly behind each of the two replication forks. No new DNA is produced. Which protein is likely missing? a. SSBPs 27. Why is taq polymerase interesting/special? a. It is temperature resistant. 28. Match the molecular biology method to its purpose a. Microarray - snapshot of expression of every gene b. southern blot - detect a short known sequence in a biological sample c. Sanger method - determine the sequence of a DNA sample d. PCR - copy a segment of DNA e. Restriction enzyme - cut DNA into smaller pieces 29. Match the proteins involved in DNA replication to their functions. a. replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA - DNA polymerase 1 (I chose DNA poly 3) b. synthesizes DNA continuously on the leading strand - DNA poly 3 (I chose DNA poly 1) c. pairs RNA nucleotides to the DNA template - primase d. separates the two DNA strands like a zipper - helicase e. joins okazaki fragments into a continuous molecule - ligase 30. Match the carbon on ribose to its function in a nucleotide. a. Carbon 1 - bound to the nitrogenous base

b. Carbon 2 - differentiates DNA and RNA c. Carbon 3 - Cite where the next nucleotide is added in growing DNA d. Carbon 4 - Boring e. Carbon 5 - Bound to the triphosphate group 31. Consider the linear biochemical pathway below. A-1>B-2>C-3>D-4>E. Suppose that in a mutant organism, called x1, enzyme 3 is defective. For each molecule A-E in the pathway, state whether you would expect the amount of that molecule to be increased, decreased or about the same as compared to normal. a. The same b. The same c. Increased d. Decreased e. Decreased 32. (Cannot display, question about MM and mold experiments, look at handout) 33. Rosalind Franklin’s Photo 51 provided Watson and Crick with no less than 6 important measurements/characteristics of DNA’s 3D structure. Name 3 of these things that Photo 51 told them. a. Double helix conformation of DNA, spacing between base pairs, and sugar phosphate backbone was on the outside. The other three are the number of turns of the helix per unit length, the uniform width of the helix, and that the helix is symmetrical. 34. Meselson and Stahl conducted a classic experiment that helped determine that the DNA is replicated in a semi conservative fashion. Describe the banding pattern that they saw in the

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centrifuge after one and two rounds of replication, including the number of bands seen in each case and their weights (heavy, moderate, light). a. After one round of replication, they saw one band of moderate weight. After two rounds they saw two bands, one light, one moderate. 35. EC - What did Rosalind Franklin do that got Watson and Crick banned from working on DNA? a. She wrote a eulogy for the DNA helix and made Watson and Crick the butt of the joke.

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