HIV and Leukemia.assignment2 (1) (1)

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1 HIV/AIDs and Leukemia Lenora Gibson University of Maryland Global Campus Biol 301 DR. Carter 02/13/2024

2 HIV/AIDs and Leukemia HIV/AIDs HIV/AIDs are an infectious communicable disease which attacks the immune system of human beings, making the body vulnerable to other infections. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or HIV-2, which are two strains of a blood- borne virus ( Bekker et al., 2023) . HIV-1 and HIV-2 are retroviruses in the Reoviridae family, Lentivirus genus. This infection is contagious because it has several modes of transmission, which include sexual intercourse, shared intravenous drug paraphernalia, human milk, and during birth. Blood-blood contact is another transmission mode, as people also get exposed in accidents through open cuts on the skin. The signs and symptoms of HIV infection may present at any stage of the infection, depending on the immunity of the infected person. There are no specific physical findings which are solely attributed to HIV infection, but the physical findings are those of the confirmed presenting illness ( Zhu et al., 2019 ). The possible manifestations include acute seroconversion, a flu-like illness, with complaints of generalized rash, fever, and malaise. The patient may have generalized lymphadenopathy, which is usually painless. The infection can also cause some sequelae, which consist of two cardinal features: wasting syndrome and AIDS-related encephalopathy. The wasting syndrome is explained as chronic diarrhea of no identifiable cause, which leads to unintended weight loss. The physiological changes associated with HIV infection result from opportunistic infections that attack the body after the immune system has been overwhelmed. The main notable physiological change associated with HIV infection is the decrease in white blood cell count, which makes it easy for opportunistic infections to attack.

3 The risk factors for HIV infection include a high number of sexual partners, unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of intravenous cannulas, contact with infected blood and receiving unscreened blood ( Bossonario et al., 2022). HIV infection is not among the leading causes of death, but Tuberculosis (TB) is an opportunistic infection that is known to claim millions of lives each year and remains the leading death cause among HIV-positive patients. HIV infection is a public health threat as the costs of care for the patients are high. HIV infection is also a public threat because those positive are at a higher risk of getting infected by other infections as HIV attacks the immune system. Finally, HIV infection is a threat because some of the risk factors are unavoidable and sometimes do not happen by choice, like accidents. Leukemia Leukemia is a malignant disease of the bone marrow, where hematopoietic precursors get halted at an early stage in the development phase. The physiological changes in leukemia consist of an immature arrest of bone marrow cells at an early development stage ( Suttorp et al., 2021 ). It also affects the production of red blood cells since some percentage of red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. Leukemia is not communicable because it is a type of cancer; bacteria, viruses, or fungi do not cause it. The exact cause of leukemia is unknown, but certain factors are risky. The factors include exposure to certain chemicals like benzene, viruses like the Human T-cell leukemia virus and intense exposure to radiation. The signs and symptoms of leukemia are always related to anemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia ( Blackburn et al.,2019 ). The most common symptom is easy fatigability, and patients complain of decreased energy levels. Additional symptoms include dizziness, complaints of fever, chest pain, and exertion-related dyspnea. Moreover, patients may present with multiple ecchymosis and bleeding gums as a result of thrombocytopenia, a coagulopathy

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4 resulting from disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The potential life-threatening bleeding sites are the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and the lungs. Leukemia has been among the leading causes of death because cancer of the blood and cancers generally are the leading causes of death ( Bispo et al., 2020 ). Blood is a vital component in the body since it is the transporter of nutrients and most waste products. Leukemia is a threat to public health since it is a life-threatening condition because platelets are affected; thus, clotting becomes difficult since one can bleed to death. Additionally, this condition is a top public health threat because the cost of management is prohibitive, as it is known that the management of cancers is costly. In conclusion, leukemia is a threat to the public because ailing individuals are limited to regular activity since they have to be careful and avoid any bruise that would cause any bleeding. HIV and Leukemia have various causes when it comes to communicability, whereby it is considered an infectious disease due to their transmission from one individual to another by different means. Leukemia, conversely, is considered non-communicable since it is not transmitted from one person to another or infected agents. Furthermore, this article has shown that since the etiology of CML is strongly influenced by genetic factors, it is less frequent in healthy siblings or twin pairs. Furthermore, the significance of altered myeloid "driver" genes is emphasized in children with chronic myeloid leukemia, validating a genetic foundation for the illness (Suttorp et al., 2021). On the contrary, the researchers claim that MDS is characterized by cytogenetic abnormalities in a majority of kids that suggest the occurrence of genetic mutations instead of communicable factors (Suttorp et al., 2021). Unlike in CML, the absence of leukocytosis in MDS forms a determining characteristic that distinguishes MDS as a noncommunicating disease (Suttorp et al., 2021). Additionally, the low number of patients under

5 five years with myeloid hyperplasia, a finding that has been decreasing in the past, also points toward the non-communicable nature of such diseases (Suttorp et al., 2021). Lastly, the unique pathologic characteristics found in MDS specimens, such as macrocytic erythropoiesis and excessively large megakaryocytes, provide evidence for a non-communicable etiology for the illness (Suttorp et al., 2021). HIV/AIDS As stated by Bossonario et al. (2022), it has become evident that HIV/AIDS is communicable. Most often, the disease is spread using contact with infected people in practicing sexual intercourse without condoms or shared needles and mother-to-child transfer during childbirth or breastfeeding. HIV infection among adolescents and youths is increased by several factors, such as engaging in sexual activities at an early age, unharmonious use of condoms, and having multiple partners. In addition to the importance of timely illness and treatment in preventing the massive spread of the virus, it is essential to organize guidance counseling and further tests for sexually transmitted infections (Bossonario et al., 2022). References Bekker, L. G., Beyrer, C., Mgodi, N., Lewin, S. R., Delany-Moretlwe, S., Taiwo, B., ... & Lazarus, J. V. (2023). HIV infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers , 9 (1), 42. Bispo, J. A. B., Pinheiro, P. S., & Kobetz, E. K. (2020). Epidemiology and etiology of leukemia and lymphoma. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine , 10 (6). Blackburn, L. M., Bender, S., & Brown, S. (2019, December). Acute leukemia: diagnosis and treatment. In Seminars in oncology nursing (Vol. 35, No. 6, p. 150950). WB Saunders.

6 Bossonario, P. A., Ferreira, M. R. L., Andrade, R. L. D. P., Sousa, K. D. L. D., Bonfim, R. O., Saita, N. M., & Monroe, A. A. (2022). Risk factors for HIV infection among adolescents and the youth: a systematic review. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem , 30 . Suttorp, M., Millot, F., Sembill, S., Deutsch, H., & Metzler, M. (2021). Definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and essential criteria for diagnosis of pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancers , 13 (4), 798. Zhu, Z., Zhao, R., & Hu, Y. (2019). Symptom clusters in people living with HIV: a systematic review. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management , 58 (1), 115-133.

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