BIOL 1110 Part IV Scientific Literacy Project Evolution Activity_Fall 2021

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University of North Carolina, Charlotte *

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1110

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Evolution in Action: Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health challenges of our time. Each year in the U.S., at least 2.8 million people get an antibiotic-resistant infection, and more than 35,000 people die. Fighting this threat is a public health priority that requires a collaborative global approach across sectors. Part 1: The Background 1. Watch the video “What causes antibiotic resistance?” and then answer the following questions: a. Where are bacteria found? Everywhere b. What are 2 ways that the video mentions that bacteria are beneficial? ● Help you digest food, ● Protect against infection ● Destroy bad microbes c. Where do antibiotics come from? Bacteria and fungi - in nature d. List 2 ways that antibiotics damage or kill bacteria. prevent the reproduction of bacteria, or they kill the bacteria (Cell wall) e. Antibiotic-rich environments like hospitals speed up the rate at which superbugs increase their percentage of the bacterial population. Describe how evolution is tied to the development of antibiotic resistance. … Part 2: The Data 1. Access the following website to begin: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/index.html 2. Click on the “AR Threats Report.” This should take you to this page “Biggest Threats and Data.” 3. Open the 2019 AR Threats Report (this is a PDF file that is 150 pages). ● The CDC’s Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019 (2019 AR Threats Report) includes the latest national death and infection estimates that underscore the continued threat of antibiotic resistance in the U.S. ● The report lists 18 antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungi into three categories based on level of concern to human health—urgent, serious, and concerning. The report also includes a Watch List with three threats that have not spread resistance widely in the U.S. but could become common without a continued aggressive approach. 4. We are going to start in the Glossary to define a few important terms you may have heard in the videos above. Scroll to page 112 to find the Glossary. Please use the page numbers on the bottom right-hand corner of the document for this activity .

a. What are pathogens ? Pathogen: Harmful germs that can cause infection. b. What is antibiotic resistance ? When germs develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. That means the germs are not killed and continue to grow. 5. Use the information on pages 15-17 of the 2019 AR Threats Report to answer the following questions: a. What factors were considered when assigning a threat level to the antibiotic resistant pathogens? ● Clinical impact ● Economic impact (when available) ● Incidence ● 10-year projection of incidence (new infections over the next 10 years) ● Transmissibility (how easily a germ spreads or causes infections) ● Availability of effective antibiotics ● Barriers to prevention b. What were three changes that occurred in the 2019 report from the 2013 report? In basic terms, be sure to explain each change. ● Drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae ● ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae ● Drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella All these resistant germs had significant increase in infection rate from 2013 to 2019 c. Using the data table provided on pages 16-17, which resistant germs had the highest number of infections in the 2019 report? List the top two . Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae - had 900,000 infections Drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae - had 550,000 infections 6. Use the table on page 35 of the 2019 AR Threats Report to answer the following questions: a. For each antibiotic listed, indicate how long it took for the first germ to evolve resistance to the antibiotic by filling in the year it was released and the year the first resistant germ was identified. i. Penicillin: _____1941____ → _____1942_____ ii. Vancomycin: ____1958_____ → _____1988_____ iii. Methicillin: ____1960____ → _____1960____ iv. Azithromycin: ____1980___ → ____2011_____ v. Daptomycin: ____2003_____ → ____2004_____

vi. Ceftazidime-avibactam : ____2015____ → _____2015____ 7. Now let’s look at some graphs! Navigate to the Pathogen Summaries (Section 4) in the 2019 AR Threats Report. You can use the table of contents in the beginning of the report to find the location of this section . Use this section to answer the following questions: a. Scroll to the Serious Threats. For drug-resistant Campylobacter infections, what was the percentage of Campylobacter isolates that were resistant to ciprofloxacin (an antibiotic) in 1997 compared to 2017? 18% → 28% b. For drug-resistant Salmonella typhi infections, what was the percentage of Salmonella typhi infections not susceptible to ciprofloxacin treatment in the year 1999? What was the approximate percentage in 2007? Finally, what was the percentage in 2017? 27% → 74% c. For drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, rates of antibiotic- resistant invasive pneumococcal infections have decreased across age groups in the United States from 2005 to 2017. What is something that has contributed to this decrease? Introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has contributed to the decrease in antibiotic-resistant invasive pneumococcal infections from 2005 to 2017 in the United States. i. What two age groups had the highest rate of infections (per 100,000 people) in 2005? People who are 65 years old plus. ii. How did this change through 2017? It lowered the rate of infection. 8. From the report, what are three ways to minimize the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria? Only take antibiotics when prescribed by a healthcare professional. Wash hands regularly, cover coughs and sneezes, and maintain proper sanitation to prevent the spread of bacteria. Get vaccinated 9. Do you think there are health disparities seen with antibiotic-resistant infections? Brainstorm some examples with your group. Yes, black and brown folk are impacted…

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