Untitled document - 2023-12-08T200805.275

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What might you conclude about a microbe that causes sickness in your large intestine? - ANS It is probably not native to your large intestinal microbiome what is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? - ANS a eukaryote has membrane bound organelles and a prokaryote does not if you broke open a bunch of cells and gathered together the free DNA to put into a new engineered cell, which DNA source would be the last useful to ensure basic survival of a new cell? - ANS plasmid DNA which one of the following most likely the name of an organism that lives near deep thermal vents? - ANS Pryococcus if we were to go and sample soils which soil horizon should we AVOID sampling if we wanted to find more rare or slower growing microbes? - ANS A horizon in a slow moving stream that has a pipeline that discharges raw untreated sewage into the water what is the most likely reason for why we find massive fish kills? - ANS high biological oxygen demand in water What is the complimentary sequence of: 5' AGG TCA CAT AGG TAT CTC 3' - ANS 3' TCC AGT CTA TCC ATA GAG 5' what is the central dogma of molecular biology? - ANS DNA gets transcribed into RNA and RNA gets translated into protein which one of the following is most likely a section of hemolysin gene sequence? - ANS ATG CCG AAT CAG the beginning sequence for an E.Coli pathogenicity gene is 5' ATG TCG CAT GAG TTT ATC 3' unfortunately this E.Coli strain has been exposed to radioactivity and has therefore developed mutations in this gene. which one of the following sequences is the least desirble results from the E.Colis perspective? - ANS 5' ATG TGC CAT tAG TTT ATC 3' congratulations! you have discovered a new species of bacteria because you detected ins DNA in molten lava from mount kilauea in Hawaii. why might it be difficult to do any further studies on this bacterium? - ANS you detected its DNA but did not collect the living organism

which of the following is not a palindromic sequence? - ANS AGCTAAGCTAGCTTUGCT UH OH! your master plan to steal a priceless piece of art has been thwarted because you left a chunk of your skin behind! the piece of skin contained 500 skin cells. The crimes scene investigators have decided to use PCR to target the criminase gene in the suspects evidence. Assuming there is only a single copy of the criminal gene, and the investigators subject the sample to 13 rounds how many copies of the criminal gene will they generate from the sample you left? - ANS approximately 2,000,.000 padame and anikan come in with their little boy luke requesting a paternity test. you perform the paternity test using a VNTR assay in which the repeat units are 32 bp long. The VNTR assay for luke produced a 480 bp band and a 576 bp band. The VNTR assay for luke produced a 480 bp band and a 576 bp band. The VNTR assay for Padme produced a 512 band and a 640 bp band. The VNTR assay for akin produced a 512 bp band and a 704 bp band. which statement can you most safely make? - ANS Luke is not the biological child of either parent. perhaps switched at birth? so far this semester Dr. Johnson has referred to the microbiome of the human body, the microbiome of her stuents shoes, the microbiome of a persons intestines, and even the microbiome of a persons eyelids. What is a microbiome anyway? and which microbial tool would be used to study it? - ANS the microbiome is the combination of all the microbial cells in a specific location. Metagenomics would be used to study it. which of the following is the most appropriate example of an oxygenic phototroph - ANS phytoplankton what is nitrogen fixation? - ANS conversion of diatomic atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form of nitrogen which one of the following embodies Dr. Johnsons favorite phrase you gotta eat? - ANS like us, bacteria are simply metabolizing nutrients from their surrounding environments. Sometimes humans happen to get hurt in this process, resulting in pathology, digestion and recycling of nutrients. which one of the following is most likely to form a biofilm such as the type that causes respiritory problems in cystic fibrosis patients? - ANS pseudomonas we learned in class that the most likely first new organisms to appear in a forest after a disturbance is crabgrass. what about a bodily disturbance where the disturbance is a 10

day treatment with penicillin that resulted in your bodys microbiome? which is most likely to invate your intestines after the antibiotic? - ANS Escherichia Coli under what circumstances could an epidemic be classified as both a common source and a propagated source? - ANS when its cholera epidemic. It is common source that its contracted from a contaminated water source, it is propagated in that the pathogen is propagates by the oral fecal route from person to person pat has been hiking a very long trail for a week and has run out of water. She is nowhere near civilization. She is in trouble she knows that a person can die of dehydration in 3 days but she is scared to drink the river water because she knows it probably contains giardia lamblia the protozoan that causes explosive watery foul smelling diarrhea which contains blood and mucus gas cramps nausea, and fatigue. what is her best option at this point? - ANS drink the water. The incubation period for giardia is longer than the time it would take the person to die and she can get the help by the time the symptoms kick in. tre is conducting a scientific study on two different types of bacteria. he wants to know whos more fit pseudomonas or haloferax? - ANS it depends on the conditions surround the microbial cells marisa is an explorer one night while she was walking on a glacier, she noticed something. she was shocked she decided to collect a core sample from the glacier which microbe did marisa most likely detect? - ANS pseudomonas flourescens place the following in order of saltiness concentrations from highest to lowest: gulf of mexico, the great salt lake, tears - ANS human tears, great salt lake, gulf of mexico what is a vector - ANS an organism that carries the pathogen or parasite we learned about typhoid mary and her eventful life in this scenario who was the vector? who was the host and who was the parasite? - ANS mary was the vector, host were the people she got sick, parasite was salmonella typhi sam knows that as he walks around campus, he is constantly stepping on many potential pathogens, including bacilus anthracis. it seems like there would be a lot more anthrax infections, but there aren't, for a lot of reasons, which is NOT one of these reasons? - ANS because most of us have already been vaccinated against them

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Gaelle is a SCUBA diver. She has been diving near perth australia for several years and over that time has noticed that the beautiful colorful corals she has always loved are now starting to look drab and dull which one of these is the least likely cause between: eutrophication, coral bleaching, acidification, global warming - ANS eutrophication at a panic Nathan had been given two choices of plastic containers. one has a number 1 inside a triangle and the other has number 2 inside a triangle which one is best choice why? - ANS the 2 container because he can use it over and over again. mae just found out that her trash that ends up in landfills will eventually break down, so now she's wondering why she has bothered all these years go through the hassle of maintaining a compost pile if its just going to break down anyways. All of the following reasons are justifications of using a compost pile instead instead of a landfill except for one. what is the one exception? - ANS compost piles produce less methane because they are smaller and thus have fewer anaerobic bacteria producing gas that smells like raw eggs caleb knows that there are huge differences between what most likely kills people in developing countries and what most likely kills people in developed countries. which of the following is false? - ANS most of the deaths from disease in developing countries are of children Oh no! luke ate a hamburger from brew bachers and found it to be pink in the middle. This is normally not a problem but he has been over worked lately and worries his immune system wont be able to handle the potential pathogens. thankfully because he took ENVS he need not panic for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT a reason? - ANS being over worked and stressed does not impact the immune system. luke will be just fine because his body will be able to fight off any infections jessica is a microbiologist who has just discovered a sudden increase in the population of acidithiobacilllus ferrrooxidans. she wants to grow this bacterium on agar in a petri dish. which one of the following is least likely to support the growth of this?: high sulfur levels high PH Levels high iron levels high acid levels - ANS high Ph levels

summer is studying the difference between the soil microbial communities in Birmingham and Baton Rouge. She is excited about the alabama sample because its a pretty color, but the sample from louisana is soaking wet and smells weird which of the following paris of bacteria is most likely to be found from the 1. alabama sample and 2. the louisiana sample? - ANS 1. leptospirllum ferrooxidans and 2. methanococcus aquatics claire has discovered that farmers in illinois, iowa, and missouri, have been illegally using ten times the amount of fertilizer allowed. what is most likely the result of this? - ANS increased decomposition in the gulf of mexico Dr. Julia is a microbiologist she worries that the rapidly that the rapidly increasing rabbit populations in the red stick forest are decimating the vegetation and harming sensitive native plants. she believes that the microbial infections would be benificial to the vegetation and often said every animal is meant to die. she has now decided to experimentally infect the rabbit population with treponema cuniculi a bacterial pathogen that causes sexually transmitted disease known as rabbit syphillis. after she exposes the rabits to the pathogen what will the first step that will describe the progression the bacterial infection? - ANS adhearance which of the following does not leave bacterial cells? - ANS endotoxin which of the following is least likely to play a role in the attachment of a bacteria to a host? - ANS plasmid Fred just got a job at the FDA and his boss is testing him to make sure he didnt lie on his resume. he has to figure out which water is safest. he finds their optical densities are .01, .005, .03. he concludes aquafina water is safest and gets fired. why might there have been an error in his assumptions? - ANS because if the bacteria produced large amounts of capsule, then the OD reading would be high artificially. what pathogen causes the flu? - ANS virus how is composting like dolphins? - ANS it consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and heat liam is developing a compost in his backyard and wants to be successful. he sends his material to lsu AG and they test it. they found it has carbon nitrogen ration of 60:1. based on this finding which of the following is the best course of action to fix his problem? - ANS add high nitrogen materials such as anima feces.

moriah is visiting her aunt in a rural section of BR thats not connected to the city sewage. She notices the grass over the septic tank is greener than the other grass. Why? - ANS because nutrients leach out from the septic tanks and fertilize the grass which statement is false? -being protected frothes years flu epidemic because i was vaccinated is an example of passive artificial immunity -my little sisters protection from catching a cold because my mom breast feeds her is an example of passive natural immunity -being protected from the blood pathogens contaminating the door knobs in my school because i have no cuts on my hands is an example of innate immunity -being protected from chixpox outbreak because i caught it from daycare is an example of natural active immunity. - ANS being protected froths years flu epidemic because i was vaccinated is an example of passive artificial immunity. what is a vaccine and what does it have to do with attenuation? - ANS vaccine is an example of artificial active immunity and the material used is often an attenuated weaker form of the original pathogen what does not represent innate immunity? - ANS t lymphocytes which infectious disease caused a blip or a suddent decrease in teh global pop. around 1400? - ANS bubonic plague noah visited his supervisor after jane had been hiking in the mountains all day. he noticed jane had a red bulls eye with concentric circles on the back of her leg behind her knee. what can noah conclude? - ANS Jane has lyme disease because she was bitten by a tick while hiking meghan is conducting an epidemiological study and discovers that over the years there have been several vibrio outbreaks related to people eating raw oysters harvested from the same location. these are an example of? - ANS common source epidemics

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what is the difference between vibrio pharaemolytic and vibrio cholera and vibro vulnificus? - ANS vp infects more u.s citizens than the other 2, vc found more in developing countries, vv is more of a blood related pathogen mathew is learning about vibrios and has to choose between the 3 main human pathogens. he immediately omits vibrio cholerae as one of the options because it isnt very important to the u.s why are vibrio cholerae infections so rare in the u.s? - ANS cholerae is associated with lack of clean drinking water which is not a problem in the u.s what emerging infectious diseases have to do with discarded old tires - ANS old tires accumulate water which disease carrying mosquitos breed if josiah examines the rates of zika infections in the US the pattern forms a large U that goes from NY coast to texas coast to west CA cost why? - ANS because that is where the aedes aegypti are mary has been kayaking on the university lake for 10 years. she noticed the odor and cloudiness have gotten worse and suspects someone is dumping fecal matter into the lake. she measures the level of coliform bacteria but first shell have to filter it, why? - ANS because the CFU/ML count is very low and thus a larger sample has to collected to grow countable numbers of bacteria. katie is giving a speech about environmental pollution to the student body. her speech includes four statements which statement regarding point pollution is not true? - ANS the best way to reduce non point pollution is by treating the pollution at its source under what conditions might antibiotic resistance be detriment to a bacterium instead of a benefit? - ANS where the resistance mechanism incurs an evolutionary fitness cost. what would have a devastating impact on bacteriums fitness? - ANS a frameshift mutation because it changes the downstream amino acid sequence why might we hypothesize that male songbirds would have higher rates of antibiotic resistant bacteria than female? - ANS because the male forage more and would be exposed to more diverse bacteria vs the female who sits with the eggs in what scenario would a mutation be a good thing? - ANS when the mutation in hemoglobin makes a person resistant to malaria

in what scenario would a mutation be good for the host but bad for the pathogen? - ANS pathogenic e.coli strain O157:H75 developed a mutation that increased its generation time from 20 minutes to 4 hours. cool guy is an evil villain who has been pushed to the edge. he has gathered all 74 enemies in 1 room and wants to kill them. which of the following poisons should he use? the LD50s of ammonia, aspirin, botox, caffeine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and tequila are 350, 1000, .00001, 192, 56, 1, 7060 mg/kg body weight - ANS methamphetamine because its 3.4 times more effective than caffeine Brianna is an epidemoligist who is trying to figure out the best way to minimize transmission of the rapidly reemerging viral disease tweasles. the disease rate has increase lately because of heavy deforrestation in western US. which is LEAST effective means of controlling the outbreak? - ANS essential oils brandy grew up hunting his own food and did just fine with the excessive handwashing. in fact he almost never gets sick. whats an advantage of his approach? - ANS he is exposing his immune system to diverse microbes and this trains his immune system lauren eats a vegan diet, washes her hands 25 times a day, runs and takes probiotics, yet she gets sick every time she visits salad bar, why? - ANS her probiotic contain microbes but they are not diverse enough to strengthen her immune system blakelynn is trying to explain the difference between bw mycorrhizae and lichens. which is the LEAST likely accurate way to describe the difference? - ANS mycorrhizae can be used to build a hummingbird nest, but lichens are less likely to bemused in this way people who cannot get vaccinated rely on other people who can. this way the spread of disease is controlled though 100% isnt. whats this called? - ANS herd immunity insects like mosquitos and deer ticks can be vectors of infectious diseases but what about other nonliving things through which disease can spread, what are they called? - ANS fomites infectious diseases are bad and can be avoided if a person knows better. especially with social media. yet we still have a problem . which is NOT a main contributor to the problem? - ANS not enough antibiotic being used to treat the food we eat what is the difference between a virus and bacteria? - ANS -bacteria: living, antibiotics, dont need a host (e. coli)

-virus: nonliving, antiviral, need host, 1/1000 size of bacteria what do all cells have in common? - ANS cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell wall what are the stages of infection? - ANS exposure, adherence, invasion, reproduction (growth), toxicity what is pathogenicity - ANS the ability to cause disease, either it can or it cannot what is virulence - ANS the degree of pathogenicity, low or high what is infectious - ANS capable of invading a host and causing illness what is communicable - ANS capable of spreading what is an exotoxin? - ANS the toxin released by a living bacterial cell before it dies what is an endotoxin? - ANS the toxin inside the cell and releases when the cell dies, type of exotoxin that targets gut cells in the host what is a cytotoxin - ANS type of exotoxin that causes the lysis of host cells and is often called a hemolysin how is zika transmitted, what are its symptoms and what does it do? - ANS transmitted from matter to fetus. symptoms include headache, fever, general malaise. it causes severe neurological problems in developing embryos (small head) how do you tell aedus aegypi from aedus albopietus? - ANS aegypti has lye shaped white mark, albupietus has a long white stripe what is an LD50, why not use 100%? - ANS medran lethal dose, the dose to kill 50% of the population. we dont use 100% because its difficult to kill 100% of the pop. how many states feed the mississippi river? - ANS 31 states what causes the deadzone? - ANS fertilizer runoff flowing from the mississippi into the gulf of mexico, high nitrogen increases plant matter of photoplankton resulting in hypoxia and eutrophication in non-winter months.

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what are the 3 stages of eutrophication - ANS oligotrophic: clear water, normal DO, normal nutrients, limited photoplkton. nutrients inputs: nutrient rich thriving phytoplankton, turbid water eutrophic: nutrient rich, mineral DO. accumulated detritus of dead algae explain 3 bacterial communities from best to worse on boat - ANS bacterial lawn, biofilm, biofueling effects of biofueling and whats it made of? - ANS slowing ship speed, expansion to clean, altered good fish. made of muscles, oysters, seaweed, bactera explain microorganisms relation to humans - ANS both harmful and beneficial, more beneficial, emphasize on harmful microorganisms are classified as antiscience view what is culture media and define its 2 bread classes - ANS culture media is nutrient solution used to grow microhns in a lab. classes: 1. defined media, when a chemical camp is known. 2. complex media when its composed of chemically undefined substance what is metagenomics, what does PCR target? - ANS metagenomics is seeing all who is there and targets 16s gene what is the formula for PCR resultant cell calculation? - ANS starting # of cells X 2^(n-1) n=number of rounds what is dysbiosis and what disease caused by it? - ANS its a perturbation that departs from otherwise balanced ecology. causes inflammatory bowel disease, MS, diabetes, allergies, asthma, autism, cancer. uh-oh, you're in trouble. Your company has been fermenting microbes to generate methane in biological decomposition tanks, but you accidentally opened the sealed lid, why might this be a problem? - ANS because the fermentation process yields methane in the absence of oxygen but carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen.

which one of the following is NOT a potential product generated by microbes that can be used as a renewable energy source? - ANS Diatomic nitrogen what is the breakdown of the constituents of waste water? - ANS 99.9% water, .1% waste what is BOD and what might it have to do with wastewater treatment? - ANS it is the measure of how much oxygen will be required to break down the waste in a product, and it indicates how contaminated the water sample is. which one of the following is a unique characteristic of biofilms? - ANS there is communication along the microbial cell with respect to the health of the environment, which one of the following would be an advantage of using antifouling agents - ANS less fossil fuel use resulting from less drag and more efficient transit of ships through water dr. bassler says that we are running out of antibiotic choices and that communication molecules will be the next big thing, ex. a great alternative to antibiotics. Which of the following would be a benefit on an intra-species quorum sensing antagonist? (antagonist= a molecule that mimics and looks like the regular molecule but blocks replication) - ANS the antagonist would make it possible to block specific bacterial infections in her video, dr. bassler refers to a 6-carbon molecule that acts as a bacterial esperanto (universally understood language) for bacterial communication. what kind of communication does she say this molecule carries out? - ANS inter-species which community exhibited the highest degree of variability based on the type of hydrocarbon used to enrich it? - ANS bacteria which community exhibited the highest degree of variability based on whether it was enriched in a planktonic state or in a sessile state? - ANS yeast (1)___ is one way in which bacteria benefit humans and (2)_____ is one way in which bacteria harm humans. - ANS 1. catabolism of nutrients. 2. diarrhea caused by e. coli what are the 2 main end products of fermentation in the rumens of cows? - ANS carbon dioxide and methane

which one of the following describes one way in which microbes are like venomous snakes? - ANS their tendency to reproduce is universal and harm to humans is just an incidental by-product of this process barry thinks he has figured out how to solve the gulf of mexico dead zone problem by treating the area with antibiotics. why will this fail? - ANS because the antibiotic is going to have a side effect of killing bacteria involved in biochemical cycling which one of the following scenarios in which human activity impacts environmental microbes might have the greatest impact on the microbes? - ANS the local fertilizer production company is permitted to dump untreated products into a local river how do probiotics, antibiotics and yogurt help us? - ANS probiotics help with digestion and maintain a healthy gut genome. antibiotics help fight bacterial infections. yogurt is made from lactulose which maintains a healthy gut genome, especially after using antibiotics what is a microbiome? - ANS who all is there, look at the 16s genes here what is the bobtail squids relationship to vibrio fischeri? - ANS they have a symbiotic relationship where the vf is bioluminescent and lives in the squids eyes. why is deforestation a reason for bacterial infections? - ANS bacteria remain after trees are cut, people come into contact with them and increase infection rate Eutrophication process - ANS nutrients polute water, plants overgrow, plants die, bacteria catabolize dead plants, bacteria use up all o2, hypoxic conditions result, dead zones created What is genome? - ANS looking at all the genes which is most likely the cause of hypoxia in the gulf of mexico? - ANS cyanobacteria which one of the following is a hallmark or stereotypical train of archaea? - ANS living in extreme environments which one of the following is a combination of a disease, its pathogen, and the tissue type targeted by that pathogen? - ANS AIDS, HIV, T-cells

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difference between innate and adaptive immunity? - ANS innate: non specific, no prior exposure adaptive: specific (antibiotic), prior exposure compared to bacterial cells in the human body there are __ human cells - ANS about the same all RNA is encoded by DNA but not all DNA encodes RNA explain - ANS this is possible because non-coding regions do not get transcribed into RNA DNA mutation that eventually leads to a different peptide sequence is called a ___ mutation - ANS nonsynonomous which one of the following is the correct series of events that occurs in the formation of biofilm? - ANS reversible attachment, irreversible attachment, microcolony, maturation, dispersal some people in certain african countries are resistant to 1__ because they have a 2___ that makes their red blood cells form a sickle shape and this makes the red blood cells difficult for 3____ to invade. - ANS 1. malaria 2. mutation 3. plasmodium parasite why is spraying bacillus thuringiensis on the leaves of a farmers crop a bad idea? - ANS the bacteria kill non-specifically and therefore also kill beneficial insects like the bees and moths plant pathogens around LSU? - ANS agrobacterium tumefacients on average how many bacterial species do you have in your gut - ANS 160 based on what you have learned so far, what is most likely purpose of the vibrio pathogenicity factors? - ANS iron acquisition why is bacillus anthraces such a good weapon compared to other microbes we've studied? - ANS it forms spores that remain viable after dispersion which statement can be made about botox? - ANS it is 19 million times more lethal than caffeine what is the predominant use of antibiotics in US - ANS agricultural

what were the 2 dirtiest birds in the anitimicrobial resistance study - ANS carolina wren and northern cardinal what is genetic engineering? - ANS process of taking gene from one organism and putting into another which plant pathogen contain gene that encodes for reverse transcriptase? - ANS tobacco mosaic virus what is the disruption of microbiome? - ANS dysbiosis what are advantages of eating dirt? - ANS diversify your microbiome 5 ways microbes fight antibiotics? - ANS 1. impermeable to them 2. inactive to them 3. modify the target they have 4. develop resistant biochemical pathway 5. pump them out what shows how well you can survive? - ANS fitness what are four ways of nitrogen fixation? - ANS bacteria, atmospheriic, idustrial, combustion of fossil fuels what is the ideal C:N ratio when composting? - ANS 25:1 who does majority of work in composting? - ANS Fungai, 10x more effective what is biogas and its products? - ANS anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and produces co2 and mehtane define eutrophication - ANS nutrient enrichment allowing rapid growth of phytoplankton which would be most devestating on a bacteriums fitness? - ANS a frameshift mutation because it changes the downstream amino acid sequnce jordan is a mad scientist using mutagenic chemicals to create mutant glow in the dark bactera. his mutations are bad, which is the most devestating? - ANS ATC... because it is a deletion mutation which causes a frameshift and changes the downstream amino acid

dr. johnson said that in graduate school she helped work on a bacteria vaccine that is in use today, what is this bacterium? - ANS streptococcus pheumonize which of the following is least likely to be a symptom of leprosy? - ANS cough

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