Hypersensitivity

docx

School

Grand Canyon University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

Subject

Biology

Date

Nov 24, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by romation

1. Hypersensitivity reactions manifest as heightened or inappropriate immunological responses triggered by exposure to an antigen or allergen. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, encompassing Type I, II, and III reactions, are so named due to their rapid onset within 24 hours of antigen or allergen exposure. The primary mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions are IgE, IgM, and IgG antibodies (Justiz Vaillant et al., 2022). 2. There are four commonly recognized types of hypersensitivity reactions : Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immediate allergic responses characterize Type I reactions, including reactions to substances such as food, pollen, asthma, and anaphylaxis (Justiz Vaillant et al., 2022). Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions: Referred to as cytotoxic reactions, Type II hypersensitivity involves tissue-specific antibodies that lead to the destruction of cells. Examples of conditions associated with Type II reactions include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and Goodpasture syndrome (Justiz Vaillant et al., 2022). Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions Immune complex-mediated responses define Type III hypersensitivity, where tissue damage occurs due to the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes. Examples of Type III reactions include various vasculitis and glomerulonephritis (Justiz Vaillant et al., 2022). Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type IV reactions exhibit a delayed onset, occurring a significant time after exposure to the antigen. Also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity, these reactions involve T lymphocytes rather than antibodies. Notable examples encompass TB skin tests and contact dermatitis (Justiz Vaillant et al., 2022). 3. Regarding Manuel's experience, he encountered a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. The onset was immediate, and Type I reactions are antibody-mediated, involving anaphylactic and atopic immune responses. This aligns with the description of Type I hypersensitivity, distinguishing it from other types of hypersensitivity reactions. 4. This process involves an antibody-mediated response, primarily through IgE antibodies activating mast cells. Initial exposure to the antigen primes Th2 cells, leading B cells to convert IgM to IgE antibodies. Subsequent antigen entry triggers cross-linking with IgE, releasing preformed mediators like histamine. This induces widespread effects such as vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability, characterizing hypersensitivity reactions. 5. Epinephrine exerts its effects through alpha-1 receptors, resulting in heightened vascular smooth muscle, pupillary dilator muscle, and intestinal sphincter contractions. Additionally, beta-1 receptor activation leads to increased heart rate, myocardial contractility, and renin release. Beta-2 effects include bronchodilation, offering potential benefits in treating asthma exacerbations, as well as vasodilation, tocolysis, and increased aqueous humor production (Dalal & Grujic, 2020).

References Dalal, R., & Grujic, D. (2020). Epinephrine . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482160/#:~:text=Through%20its%20action%20on %20alpha Justiz Vaillant, A. A., Vashisht, R., & Zito, P. M. (2022). Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions . PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/#:~:text=Hypersensitivity %20reactions%20are%20exaggerated%20or

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Related Documents

Alexis Smith - Simple Pedigree Practice.pdf

Screenshot 2023-12-05 at 7.39.51 PM.png

Order S6203420- Genetics.edited.docx

Short Quiz 005 - (1).png

Final Project Regression and Correlation Analysis.docx

Chapter-14-Endocrine-System-complete-PDF-Notes-D.Pharma1st-year-Noteskarts.pdf

MB ASCP CONNECT (105).pdf

Untitled document - 2023-12-08T200805.275.pdf

COVID.edited (2).docx

One of the most significant advantages of using RED is that the sole byproduct other than salt water

Screenshot 2023-12-12 at 8.57.10 PM.png

NM17_ Actividad 7.pdf

Recommended textbooks for you

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...

Biology

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Cengage Learning

An Illustrated Guide To Vet Med Term

Biology

ISBN:9781305465763

Author:ROMICH

Publisher:Cengage

Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions

Nursing

ISBN:9781305441620

Author:WOODROW

Publisher:Cengage

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...

Biology

ISBN:9781305073951

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...

Biology

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Body Structures & Functions

Biology

ISBN:9781285695495

Author:Scott

Publisher:Cengage

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...
Biology
ISBN:9781285866932
Author:Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher:Cengage Learning
An Illustrated Guide To Vet Med Term
Biology
ISBN:9781305465763
Author:ROMICH
Publisher:Cengage
Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professions
Nursing
ISBN:9781305441620
Author:WOODROW
Publisher:Cengage
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...
Biology
ISBN:9781305073951
Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...
Biology
ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Body Structures & Functions
Biology
ISBN:9781285695495
Author:Scott
Publisher:Cengage