Untitled document - 2023-11-30T152828.594

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List the sections of the lower GIT in order: - ans Pyloric sphincter Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum Large intestine: cecum, ascending, transverse, descending colon, rectum, anal sphincter What are the structural components of the small intestine that allow a surface area of about 500 m2 in about 10 feet of length: - ans Large folds villi- smaller fold with blood and lymph vessels microvilli- intestinal cells with hair like projections that cover the villi. What is the brush border and what covers it? - ans the brush border includes the microvilli and the glycocalyx associated with it. The unstirred layer covers it, helping absorb nutrients. What is the glycocalyx? - ans a mesh-like network in the microvilli that acts as a trap for digested particles. Describe the progression of the life span of intestinal cells: - ans The baby enterocytes are born in the crypts of the villi. They eventually move up to the top and fall off. The life span is about 3-5 days. These enzymes are in the small intestine. Identify what is broken down by each: Amino Peptidase: Dipeptidase: Monoglyceride Lipase: Alpha-destrinase (Isomaltase): Glucoamylase (Glucosidase) Sucrase: Maltase: Lactase: - ans Amino Peptidase: N-terminal amino acids Dipeptidase: Dipeptides Monoglyceride Lipase: Monoglycerides Alpha-destrinase (Isomaltase): Alpha (1-6) bonds in dextrins and oligosaccharides Glucoamylase (Glucosidase): Alpha (1-4) bonds in maltose and maltotriose Sucrase: Sucrose Maltase: Maltose Lactase: Lactose List and describe the function of secretions in the large intestine: - ans Mucus- protects the lining from acid and lubricates fecal matter.

Bicarbonate- neutralizes acid Sodium and Hydrogen- can move into the lumen of the large intestine. One liter of chyme is reduced to how much fecal material? - ans 200g or 200mL how long does it take for material to pass through the large intestine? - ans from 12-72 hours depend on what a person eats, how often a person eats, fiber, fluid, meal size, physical activity, age does digestion take place in the large intestine? why or why not? - ans digestion still occurs in the large intestine but it is by our microbes that produce acid what substances are produced by bacteria that digest residual nutrient in the large intestine? - ans acid gas (CO2, H, H2S, CH4) ammonia- which is reabsorbed what essential nutrients are produced and absorbed in the large intestine? why are they essential? - ans Vitamin K- blood clotting Biotin they are essential because it is not enough to meet needs distinguish between probiotics and prebiotics: - ans Probiotics: LIVE bacteria, pills and liquid suspensions (EX: yogurt, keifer, yeast, Sauer kraut, kombucha, kimchi) Prebiotics: fibers that feed bacteria What is the "normal" rate for chyme to be emptied from the stomach into the duodenum? - ans 1-5 mL approximately twice per minute how long does it take for the stomach to empty into the small intestine following a meal? - ans 2-6 hours name the parts of the large intestine in order: - ans ileocecal sphincter ascending colon transverse colon descending colon rectum anal sphincter

what percent of water and sodium that pass into the large intestine is absorbed? - ans 90-95% of water from chyme is absorbed in the large intestine Also absorbs Na+, Ce+, K+ List 2 hormones and their action on sodium absorption in the large intestine: - ans Antidieuretic hormone (ADH) increases water and sodium absorption; Cortisol

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