CLINICAL PATHOLOGY Urine Routine

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CLINICAL PATHOLOGY Urine Routine & Microscopic Examination Method: Reflectance Photometry Physical Examination Colour Sample: Urine Method: Physical Examination Appearance Sample: Urine Method: Physical Examination Specific Gravity Sample: Urine Method: pa change of pretreated polyelectrolytes pH Sample: Urine Method: Double indicator principle Chemical Examination Glucose Sample: Urine Method: Glucose oxidase/peroxidase Protein Sample: Urine Method: Protein- error-of-indicators principle Ketones Sample: Urine Method: Sodium nitroprusside reaction Blood Sample: Urine Method: Peroxidase Bilirubin Sample: Urine Method: Diazo reaction Pale Yellow Pale Yellow Hazy Clear 1.010 1.003 - 1.035 5.5 4.7 - 7.5 Trace Not Detected Detected (++) Not Detected Not Detected Not Detected Detected Not Detected Not Detected Not Detected Test Name Report Status - Preliminary Report Result Normal Biological Ref. Interval Normal Unit Urobilinogen Sample: Urine Method: Ehrlich's reaction Nitrite Sample: Urine Method: Nitrite Test Microscopic Examination Method: Microscopy Pus Cells Sample: Urine RBC Sample: Urine Epithelial Cells Sample: Urine Casts Sample: Urine Crystals Sample: Urine Bacteria Sample: Urine Remarks Sample: Urine Not Detected Not Detected 30 - 50 0- 5 /hpf 20 - 30 Not Detected /hof 8 - 10 0 - 5 /hpf Not Detected Not Detected /hpf Not Detected Not Detected /hpf Detected (+++ Not Detected /hof here is the test result from gyno Could you please tell the what is there in report and please tell so that a normal human can understand ChatGPT Based on the provided test results, here is an explanation in simple terms: Physical Examination:  Colour: The urine sample appears pale yellow, which is normal.  Appearance: The urine sample is hazy, which means it is not completely clear. Chemical Examination:  Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of the urine sample is 1.010, which falls within the normal range of 1.003 - 1.035. Specific gravity measures the concentration of particles in urine.  pH: The pH level of the urine sample is 5.5, which is slightly acidic. The normal range is 4.7 - 7.5. Chemical Analysis:  Glucose: Glucose was not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. Presence of glucose may indicate a potential issue.  Protein: Protein was not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. Presence of protein could be a sign of kidney problems.  Ketones: Ketones were detected in the urine sample at a moderate level (++). This could indicate an abnormality such as uncontrolled diabetes or fasting.  Blood: Blood was not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. Presence of blood may indicate a urinary tract infection or kidney stones.  Bilirubin: Bilirubin was not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. Presence of bilirubin may indicate liver or gallbladder problems. Additional Chemical Analysis:

 Urobilinogen: Urobilinogen was not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. Urobilinogen is a byproduct of the breakdown of bilirubin in the liver.  Nitrite: Nitrite was not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. The presence of nitrite may indicate a bacterial infection in the urinary tract. Microscopic Examination:  Pus Cells: The urine sample contains 30-50 pus cells per high-power field (hpf), which may suggest an infection or inflammation.  RBC: Red blood cells were not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. Presence of red blood cells may indicate a urinary tract infection or kidney stones.  Epithelial Cells: The urine sample contains 20-30 epithelial cells per high- power field (hpf), which are normal cells that line the urinary tract.  Casts: Casts were not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. Casts are tube-shaped structures that can form in the kidneys.  Crystals: Crystals were not detected in the urine sample, which is normal. Crystals can sometimes form in urine and may indicate certain conditions.  Bacteria: Bacteria were detected in the urine sample at a high level (+++), which may suggest a urinary tract infection. Remarks: Based on the provided test results, the urine sample shows signs of moderate ketones, the presence of pus cells, and a high level of bacteria. These findings may indicate a possible infection or other underlying issues. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional, such as a gynecologist, for a proper diagnosis and further guidance. is there any aids or hiv type of symtoms? ChatGPT Based on the test results you provided, there is no specific mention of HIV or AIDS symptoms. The tests performed in the report primarily focus on evaluating various aspects of the urine sample, such as its physical and chemical properties, as well as microscopic examination for any abnormalities. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) are not typically diagnosed through routine urine tests. HIV infection can be detected by specific blood tests that look for antibodies or antigens related to the virus. If you are concerned about HIV or AIDS symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide appropriate testing and guidance. They may recommend specific blood tests for HIV screening if there is a suspicion or risk of infection. Remember, the presence or absence of HIV cannot be determined solely based on the urine test results you provided. Culture, Urine Method: Method: Culture MICROBIOLOGY Specimen Urine Incubation period 48 Hrs. / 37 C Organism with colony count SI NO. ORGANISM ISOLATED COLONY COUNT 1 Escherichia coli 10^5 CFU/ML Sample: Urine Culture ANTIBIOTICS DISC CONTENT (ug) ZONE DIAMETER (mm) INTERPRETATION Ampicillin 10 12 Resistant Piperacillin/Tazobactam 100/10 30 Sensitive Cefazolin 30 16 Sensitive Cefepime 30 30 Sensitive Ceftriaxone 30 30 Sensitive Cefoxitin 30 6 Resistant

Cefuroxime 30 22 Sensitive Ceftazidime 30 19 Intermediate Aztreonam 30 28 Sensitive Ertapenem 10 32 Sensitive Imipenem 10 24 Sensitive Meropenem 10 34 Sensitive Gentamicin 10 22 Sensitive Ciprofloxacin 5 28 Sensitive Report Status - Final Test Name Result Biological Ref. Interval Unit ANTIBIOTICS DISC CONTENT (ug) ZONE DIAMETER (mm) INTERPRETATION Levofloxacin 5 18 Intermediate Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 1.25/23.75 20 Sensitive Fosfomycin 200 27 Sensitive Nitrofurantoin 300 24 Sensitive Norfloxacin 10 23 Sensitive Culture, Urine * Urine is an ultra-filtrate of blood and is normally Sterile. * Urine gets infected via ascending infection by gut flora that is contaminating the perineum. * Escherichia coli is the commonest uropathogen * Unless there is a catheter or anatomical abnormality, UTI is caused by pure culture of bacteria * When present at significant concentration (between 103 cfu/ml to 105 cfu/ml) * When a mixture of bacteria are grown on culture after mid stream collection of urine, it signifies contamination of the urine during sample collection and a repeat sample, after taking adequate precautions while collecting sample and without delay transfer into Buffered Boric Acid containing tube in the only solution. * In a symptomatic patient, sample should be taken at once, transferred into Buffered Boric Acid tube and sent for culture. * Early morning sample is useful for screening purposes from asymptomatic persons. Method : Conventional Aerobic Culture + Identification & Sensitivity byPhoenix M50 Interpretation: Interpretation of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) (Ref CLSI M100S23) 1. The MIC is the lowest concentration of drug that inhibits the growth of the bacterial isolate. 2. The antibiotic panels and MIC reference ranges for microorganisms are designed based on CLSI guidelines. 3. The MIC value should be interpreted based on the range tested. The MIC value for one antibiotic cannot be compared with the MIC value of another antibiotic. could you please tell what is there in the above report ChatGPT The report you provided is a urine culture and sensitivity test. Here's a breakdown of the information in the report: Microbiology:  Specimen: Urine  Incubation Period: The urine sample was incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius.  Organism Isolated: Escherichia coli (commonly known as E. coli)  Colony Count: The colony count of E. coli was 10^5 CFU/ML (colony-forming units per milliliter). Antibiotic Sensitivity: The report shows the susceptibility of the isolated E. coli strain to various antibiotics. The sensitivity is determined by measuring the zone diameter, which indicates the degree of inhibition of bacterial growth around the antibiotic disc. The interpretation column categorizes the susceptibility as "Sensitive," "Intermediate," or "Resistant." Here are the results for each antibiotic: Sensitive:  Piperacillin/Tazobactam  Cefazolin  Cefepime  Ceftriaxone  Cefuroxime  Aztreonam  Ertapenem  Imipenem

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 Meropenem  Gentamicin  Ciprofloxacin  Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole  Fosfomycin  Nitrofurantoin  Norfloxacin Intermediate:  Levofloxacin Resistant:  Ampicillin  Cefoxitin  Ceftazidime Interpretation: The report provides additional information and interpretation regarding urine culture and UTI (urinary tract infection). It mentions that urine is normally sterile, but it can become infected by bacteria from the perineum. Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium causing urinary tract infections. It also states that a significant concentration of bacteria in the urine indicates infection, while a mixture of bacteria may signify contamination during sample collection. The report highlights the importance of proper sample collection and transfer to ensure accurate results. The report also provides information on MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) interpretation. The MIC is the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of the bacterial isolate. It explains that the interpretation should be based on the range tested and that MIC values for different antibiotics cannot be directly compared. Please note that the interpretation and significance of the report should be discussed with a healthcare professional who can provide a comprehensive analysis and appropriate treatment recommendations based on the specific situation. can you please make me understandard in a layman term ChatGPT Certainly! Here's a simplified explanation of the urine culture and sensitivity report: The report shows that a sample of urine was collected and tested for bacteria. The most common bacteria found in urinary tract infections, called Escherichia coli (E. coli), was present in the urine. The number of E. coli colonies counted indicates the severity of the infection. The report also tested different antibiotics to see which ones are effective against the E. coli bacteria. The effectiveness of each antibiotic is measured by the size of the area where the bacteria's growth is inhibited (zone diameter). The report classifies the antibiotics into three categories: Sensitive (effective), Intermediate (partially effective), and Resistant (not effective).

Based on the report, the following antibiotics were found to be effective in treating the infection: Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Cefazolin, Cefepime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Aztreonam, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, and Norfloxacin. One antibiotic, Levofloxacin, showed partial effectiveness (Intermediate). Two antibiotics, Ampicillin and Cefoxitin, were not effective (Resistant). The report also explains that urine is normally sterile but can become infected by bacteria from the perineum (area around the genitals and anus). It mentions the importance of collecting urine samples correctly to avoid contamination. Overall, the report suggests that the urinary tract has an infection caused by E. coli bacteria. The healthcare provider will consider the report and may prescribe antibiotics that are effective against the specific strain of bacteria found. Please note that this simplified explanation is intended to give a general understanding of the report. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate interpretation of the report and appropriate treatment options. what happen with ecoli bacteria is it curable and does it happen with sex ChatGPT Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains of E. coli are harmless, some can cause infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs). In the case of a urinary tract infection, E. coli bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract can enter the urethra and travel up to the bladder, causing an infection. This type of infection is more common in women due to the shorter length of the female urethra, but it can also occur in men. The good news is that E. coli urinary tract infections are generally curable with appropriate treatment. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to target and eliminate the bacteria. The choice of antibiotic depends on the susceptibility of the specific strain of E. coli, as determined by the urine culture and sensitivity test. The report you provided includes information about which antibiotics are effective against the E. coli strain found in the urine sample. To prevent E. coli UTIs, it is important to practice good hygiene, such as wiping from front to back after using the toilet, drinking plenty of water, and urinating regularly. It is also recommended to empty the bladder before and after sexual intercourse, as sexual activity can sometimes introduce bacteria into the urinary tract. If you suspect a urinary tract infection or have symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, or cloudy urine, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional. They can evaluate your symptoms, conduct appropriate tests, and provide the necessary treatment to help you recover from the infection.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY Urine Routine

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