CRISPR answer sheet experiment 1

1. How is UV radiation a good type of control mechanism against microbial growth? Please explain what happens to the microbe and effects this control causes.   2. Suppose you do the Kirby-Bauer test on a hypothetical Staphylococcus species with penicillin and tetracycline. You record diameters of 20mm for tetracycline and 24mm for penicillin. Which antibiotic is most effective against this bacterium and why? Please explain and interpret these results.

Indicate whether each statement applies to the lytic or lysogenic cycle of phage A, or to both. 1. The host cell is lysed. (Click to select) v 2. The genetic material of the phage is copied. (Click to select) v 3. The genetic material of the phage is integrated into the bacterium's chromosome. (Click to select) v 4. Two ends of the phage DNA become covalently attached to one another. (Click to select) v 5. The integrase gene is turned on.: (Click to select) v (Click to select) lytic lysogenic both

a. If an egg salad sandwich sitting in a warm car for 4 hours develops 40,960bacterial cells, how many more cells would result in just one more generation?                                                                                                            b. What would the cell count be after 4 hours if the initial bacterial dose was 100?c. What do your answers tell you about using clean techniques in food preparation and storage (other than esthetic considerations)?

2. Strains I and II undergo conjugation and colonies from the "mating" plate are put on the following agar plates with antibiotics. Look at the results in the following table: Plain agar Agar+ Amp Agar + Tet Agar + Van Agar + Van + Tet Agar+ Van + Amp Agar Tet+ Amp d Strain III + ++ + Which strain is the donor? b. Which strain is the recipient? c. What genetic information was donated (plasmid, chromosome or both) d. Draw the genetic makeup of the recombinant Strain III I

Match each of the descriptions in Column A with the correct panel listed in Column B. Description Panel Resistant bacteria share resistance genes with each other Resistant bacteria survive and reproduce Treatment with methicillin kills nonresistant bacteria Some bacteria carry a mutation that provided resistance to methicillin Predict the possible outcome(s) if the antibiotic tetracycline was applied after panel 4. Check all that apply. O The tetracycline will act as a selective pressure, causing bacteria to mutate in order to survive. O Since the population is resistant to methicillin and not tetracycline, none of the bacteria will survive. O Treatment with an antibiotic will not affect the overall survival of the population. Any bacterium that has a mutation for tetracycline resistance would be able to survive.

1.Why is the catalase test useful for the defferentiation of staphylococci from streptococci? 2.In regards to taxonomic classification of bacteria, what is the relationship between physiological and genetic differentiation of bacteria

7a. A petri plate is given to you with 80 colonies on it.  I tell you that I did five 10x dilutions and then plated 0.1 ml from my last tube to get 80 colonies on a plate.  How many living bacteria per ml were in that original sample?  Draw out (or describe) all of the dilutions I would have done to get this number. 7b. Again, I have a plate with 80 colonies on it, but I tell you that I did one 100x dilution and two 10x dilutions before I plated that 0.1ml from my last tube.  How many living bacteria per ml were in that original sample?  Draw out (or describe) all of the dilutions I would have done to get this number.   please include drawings. thank you

3. What would a growth curve of the chlamydia bacteria look like starting from Sammys initial infection? Draw a simple graph and indicate where (a) her antibiotic treatment started, and (b) two weeks post-treatment. 5.The following is a partial ribosomal DNA sequence of a chlamydia gene that encodes for one of its ribosomal proteins. Blood samples were taken from Sammy before and after she started the antibiotic treatment, and there is a change between the two populations. Please identify the point mutation and the amino acid that changed, and provide one reason why a ribosomal mutation could affect antibiotic resistance to doxycycline. Pre-antibiotic treatment: ATG-GCT-GCT-AGC-GCT-TCA-AAG-GGC-AAG-AGT-AAA Post-antibiotic treatment: ATG-GCT-GCT-AGC-GCT-TCA-AAC-GGC-AAG-AGT-AAA 6.

In lab we learned a technique that helped us to visulize individual colonies of bacter 1. Describe this technique. 2. What do you expect the resutls to look like? Be specific. 3. How can this technique help you to determine if your culture is contaminated? For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac). BIUS Paragraph I +] F H Ix X ABC † ( O K₂ KN Q V Arial sè "Ω Θ A 4 10pt EE 88 A Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. 描く前 X² X₂ 3 由用目

2) Describe the function of the key Agrobacterium proteins involved in the transfer and integration of the transfer DNA (T-DNA) into host cells

1.Define Bioprospecting.2. What properties in microorganisms were researchers at SINTEF and NTNU looking for?3. What made them select Micrococcus luteus as a candidate organism? 4. Describe the steps involved in genetic engineering, prior to commercial production of the potential `UVAblue’ sunscreen.5. What damage do long wave UV radiations induce in human cells?

Some strains of Escherichia coli bacteria have acquired the ability to produce the harmful Shiga toxin, normally produced by Shigella dysenteriae. Which statements best explain why this occurs? Mark all that apply.   A. conjugation between two different species of bacteria allowed both strains of bacteria to express a virulence factor B. transformation resulted in expression of a virulence factor C. horizontal gene transfer between different species of bacteria D.  transduction of a specific gene resulted in expression of new traits

3. Label the following elements of the figure below: lysogenic phage, lysogenic cycle, lytic cycle, prophage, phage DNA, bacterial chromosome, and self assembly.

السؤال الأول omogene 5, What is an explant? A. Part of a gene in a DNA B. A small piece of plant used in micropropagation C. A vector used in genetic modification sequence wwLLdicease is caused bv Agrobacterium tumefaciens'

8) Name the three basic shapes of the bacteria in the picture to the right. A C a. b. 9) These bacteria in the picture to the left are called Staphylococcus aureus. Give two reasons why is called aphylococcus. a. b.

8. In the Bt corn experiment discussed in class, the gene of interest that is transferred from the bacterium to the corn is the Bt gene. True or False.

6) explain to me 2 mechanisms organism can use to reverse this VU-caused damage. Give me the step by step detail for each mechanism, summarized.

1.What difficulties does one encounter when trying to differentiate bacteria on the basis of physiological tests? 2.Why is the catalase test useful for the differentiation of staphylococci from streptococci?

1. You take a sample with a concentration of 1,000,000 pfu/mL of bacteriophage and make a dilution by taking 1mL from the tube and add it to 9mL of fresh broth and mix. You and repeat this 4 more times, Then you plate 1mL of the sample with a few drops of E.coli on a TSA plate. How many plaques do you expect to see when you examine the plate the next day? m^^^? Tube A a) 1,000,000 plaques b) 1000 plaques c) 10 plaques d) 1 plaque e) No plaques E. coli TSA

The information is on the second picture and the questions are on the first which are : 3) What is the normal ( non - allergenic) function of a algae antibody and how does it accomplish this? 4) What is the non-normal ( allergenic ) function of an lgE antibody and how does it accomplish this? 5) How does the release of histamine lead to allergic symptoms ?

3) What is the effect of time on the bacteriocidal effects of UV? The effect of distance?

4. Here is an immunoassay to measure the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil. An organic solvent is used to extract TNT from the soil and then the solvent is analyzed using a flow cytometer. A flow cytometer is a device used to count small particles that flow through a narrow tube past a detector. The particles are irradiated with a green laser and the fluorescence from each particle is measured as it flows past the detector. Step 1. Antibodies that bind TNT are chemically attached to 5-μm latex beads. Step 2. The beads are incubated with fluorescent derivative of TNT to saturate the antibodies and excess TNT is washed away. The beads are suspended in aqueous detergent. Step 3.  A volume of 5 μL of the suspension is added to 100 μL of sample or standard containing TNT.  TNT in the sample displaces some of the fluorescent TNT.  Step 4. An aliquot is injected into the flow cytometer, which measured the fluorescence of the individual beads as they pass by the detector. a) The figure…

4. Please help answer this question and please show all work on how you got the answers. Thank you so much!! :)

In a petri dish with solidified agar with escherichia coli, enterobacter aerogenes and staphylococcus aureus, you streak a loopfull of lytic T4-phage in a single line onto the center of the the dish, how do you know if bacteriophage infected the bacteria. why didn't the bacteriophage infect all 3 bacteria?

16. Genes in a bacteriophage that are expressed after expression of genes that initiate the lytic cycle Group of answer choices 1. Late Genes 2. Delayed Early Genes 3. Immediate Early Genes 4. Late Early Genes

1. List and describe the 6 steps in the replication of T4 phage in E. coli

Describe the viable but non culturable (VBNC) dormant state and the production of small colony variants (SCVs) type of dormant state. Differentiate these two surviving strategies of bacteria in harsh environments from spore-forming strategic survival of extremophiles.

The following table includes information from a procedure where mice were injected with different concentration amounts of a certain microbe (Mircobe A) under these distinct circumstances: no other treatment added (NT), after being exposed to anti-microbe A vaccine (vacA), and during treatment with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (x). CFU/ml Injected % Infected - NT % Infected - vacA % Infected - x 1 2 0 1 10 20 0 22 100 52 3 44 1000 100 14 97 1. What is the ID50 value of Microbe A (in CFU/ml)? 2. Is Microbe A antibiotic-sensitive? 3. Is the vacA vaccine effective to stop the infection?

If you Infect the Jurkat T lymphocyte cell line with HIV-1 strain IIIB. Lyse the infected cells at the peak cytopathic effect and isolate DNA from the whole cell lysates. 1. What types of PPE will be used in this experiment? 2. Is this experiment using a recombinant DNA? 3.will workers require health surveillance?

13-14. A set of Hfr strains transfer markers in the following order. Strain Transfer order JIAF G 1 ED BGFA IJH CE D CED B 13. Which of the following gene orders is correct? A: AFGEDBCHIJ B: ECHIJAFGBD C: E D B G FACH JI D: E D B G FACHIJ E: A F G BD ECHJI 14. Which Hfr strains have F factors inserted in the same orientation? A: 1 and 3 oriented the same way, 2 and 4 both oriented the other way B: 1 and 2 oriented the same way, 3 and 4 both oriented the other way C: 1 and 4 oriented the same way, 2 and 3 both oriented the other way D: 1 oriented one way, 2, 3 and 4 all oriented the other way E: all are oriented the same way 2 UYSerlero

A. AG for the two reactions is different B. Trypsin is a protein, and elastase is not D. One of the reactions is endergonic, and the other is exergonic Hydrolysis of lysine bonds requires water; hydrolysis of alanine bonds des Part I: Microbiology 7. Which structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other or to other surfaces? A. Cell wall and capsules B Capsule and fimbriae C. Cell membrane and endospores D. None 8. If E. coli lacks an F factor (F plasmid), and if bacteriophages are excluded from the bacterial cultures, then by which of these means Jilug some genes might be transmitted to other E. coli cells? A. via sex pili via transduction C. via conjugation D. via transformation both B and C 9. Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. A hospital patient who is Jas receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become A. unable to fix carbon dioxide B. unable to fix nitrogen deficient in certain vitamin K D. unable…

41.  Identify the MISMATCH pair from the following,  if any Group of answer choices some toxins :::: helps bacteria scavenge iron from environment endotoxin :::: are difficult to inactivate pneumolysin :::: encoded by chromosomal DNA gene superantigens :::: compromises immune system exotoxins :::: secreted by Gr + and – ve bacteria none of the above is a mismatch pair   42.   dentify the FALSE statement for cholera toxin, if any Group of answer choices adenylate cyclase is activated metabolic acidosis is a consequence of toxin activity subunit A enters intestinal epithelial cell; modifies a key component of target cells none of the above is a false statements it’s encoded by a phage gene toxin subunit has ADP ribosylation activity