PHYLY 2730- PRAC QUIZ 1

PHYL2730 Practice Quiz 1 Exercise Physiology (University of Queensland) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university PHYL2730 Practice Quiz 1 Exercise Physiology (University of Queensland) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

PHYL2730 P RACTICE Q UIZ 1 M ULTIPLE C HOICE P RACTICE Quiz 1.1 Question 1 Which of the following will decrease stroke volume? a. increased preload b. increased contractility c. increased Ca2+ concentrations d. increased afterload Question 2 During exercise, glucagon concentrations _________, and insulin concentrations __________. increase, increase decrease, increase decrease, decrease increase, decrease Question 3 Glucose is the primary ATP substrate for the muscles and brain. True False Question 4 Which of the following endocrine glands is NOT responsible for metabolic regulation of carbohydrate and fat during exercise adrenal gland Kidneys anterior pituitary gland thyroid gland pancreas Question 5 Not all muscles exhibit the same degree of oxidative capacity. True False Question 6 Ventilation is a. directly proportional to exercise intensity b. inversely proportional to exercise intensity c. not related to exercise intensity d. primarily an anticipatory response to exercise Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

Question 13 An endurance athlete has the following blood results; Haematocrit = 44% and Total blood volume = 5L. Six months later his results are Haematocrit = 42% and Total blood volume = 4.8L. During the six months which of the following is possible/likely? He has continued his same level of endurance training He has increased his endurance training volume He has been doing more strength training He has become injured and has not been able to train None are correct Question 14 Which of the following pairs of hormones typically act in opposition? GH, aldosterone thyrotropin, cortisol insulin, glucagon epinephrine, T3 Question 15 The following data refers to the relative percentages of type 1 and type II muscle fbres. Which of the following athletes is most suited to long endurance events? Olivia has 70% type I, 30% type II Billie has 75% type I, 25% type II Leah has 60% type I, 40% type II Evelyn has 65% type I, 35% type II Kat has 80% type I, 20% type II Question 16 The amount of energy used by a chemical reaction can be calculated based on the amount of heat that is released. True False Question 17 Chronic endurance training results in what change to muscle fbers? a. type I fber hyperplasia b. type I fber hypertrophy c. type II fber hypertrophy d. Type IIa fbers behave more like type IIx fbers. Question 18 During the 400 m sprint (50-60 s long), which two metabolic pathways will be primarily involved? ATP-PCr, oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis, β-oxidation ATP-PCr, glycolysis β-oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

Question 19 What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when, at the beginning of exercise, oxygen supply does not increase as fast as oxygen need at the onset of exercise? a. oxygen defcit b. oxygen excess c. oxygen shortfall d. oxygen insufciency Question 20 During maximal exercise, how much cardiac output is redirected to muscles? a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80% Question 21 Which of these does not help increase plasma glucose concentations during exercise? epinephrine ADH glucagon cortisol Question 22 During steady state exercise, over time there is: a decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin resulting in more circulating insulin a decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin resulting in less circulating insulin an increased sensitivity of cells to insulin resulting in less circulating insulin an increased sensitivity of cells to insulin resulting in more circulating insulin None are correct Question 23 How do products of a metabolic pathway typically help control the rate of the chemical reactions? negatively feed back on a downstream enzyme positively feed back on the rate-limiting enzyme positively feed back on an intermediate enzyme negatively feed back on the rate-limiting enzyme Question 24 Protein can serve as an energy substrate if certain amino acids are present it is utilized by the brain it is phosphorylated frst it is frst converted to glucose Question 25 If the intensity of a single bout of aerobic exercise continues to increase, but VO2 plateaus or decreases slightly, this is an indication that a. lactate threshold has increased b. a true VO2max has been reached c. muscle glycogen stores are depleted d. ATP-PCr enzymatic activity is increased Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

Question 18 Nonsteroid hormones are characteristically cholesterol/lipid based glucose/carbohydrate based amino acid/protein based RNA/nucleic acid based Question 20 The most efective bufer in the body is a. protein b. phosphate c. hemoglobin d. bicarbonate Question 21 The anaerobic glycolytic system would be the primary source of ATP for which running event? 100 m sprint 800 m (1/2 mi) run 3,200 m (2 mi) run Marathon Question 25 Metabolic enzyme activity can be increased by increasing the Na+ concentration cellular water content temperature activation energy Quiz 1.3 Question 3 Steady-state heart rate can be used to a. determine tissue oxygen extraction b. estimate stroke volume during exercise c. predict aerobic capacity d. calculate anaerobic threshold Question 7 As RER values approach 1.0, a. the body is at rest b. exertion levels are moderate c. glucose/glycogen metabolism is maximal d. glycogen is depleted and metabolism is mostly of fat Question 10 The process that refers to the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is called: Glycogenolysis Glucogenesis Lipolysis The ATP-PCr pathway Gluconeogenesis Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

Question 11 Which of the following is responsible for lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction? ATP additional build-up of substrate enzyme activity ADP accumulation Question 12 Aldosterone release leads to Na+ retention only water retention only Na+ retention followed by water retention water retention followed by Na+ retention Question 13 If the intensity of a single bout of aerobic exercise continues to increase, but VO2 plateaus or decreases slightly, this is an indication that a. lactate threshold has increased b. a true VO2max has been reached c. muscle glycogen stores are depleted d. ATP-PCr enzymatic activity is increased Question 15 Which of these external factors is believed to play the BIGGEST role in determining VO2max? a. training status b. genetics c. protein intake d. fuid balance Question 18 Under resting conditions, the ATP-PCr system plays which role? fueling most major cellular processes lowering metabolic enzyme activity replenishing cellular ATP reserves not active at rest Question 25 The decline in skeletal muscle _____ during high-intensity exercise above the lactate threshold dictates a greater oxygen demand to produce the same mechanical power. a. efciency b. ftness c. endurance d. velocity Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

2 molecules pyruvate, 2 moles NADH, net 2 ATP 3) By-products of oxidation: CHO oxidation yields H2O, CO2, 32 or 33 ATP molecules per CHO molecule 8. What is lactic acid, and why is it important? Pyruvic acid is converted directly to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Acid decreases the fbers' calcium-binding capacity and may impede muscle contraction. 9. Discuss the interaction among the three energy systems with respect to the rate at which energy can be produced and the sustained capacity to produce that energy. 1) ATP-PCr:  up to 15sec of energy  1 ATP per molecule of substrate  PCr to Cr  Anaerobic 2) Glycolysis:  approx 1 min of energy  2-3 ATP per molecule substrate  Gluclose/glycogen to lactate  Anaerobic 3) Oxidative phosphorylation:  approx 90 min of energy  36-39 ATP (net slightly lower)  Glucose/glycogen to CO2 and H2O  Aerobic 10. How do type I muscle fbers difer from type II fbers in their respective oxidative capacities? What accounts for those diferences? Type 1 fbers are more aerobic, have more mitochondria, and higher concentrations of oxidative enzymes. Type 2 fbers are better suited for glycolytic energy production. Alpha neurons account for these diferences 11. Describe the possible causes of fatigue during exercise bouts lasting 15 to 30 s and 2 to 4 h. 1. The energy systems (ATP PCr, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidation) 2. Accumulation of metabolic by products, such as lactate acids. 3. The failure of muscle fbers contractile mechanism 4. Nervous System The possible causes of fatigue during exercise bouts lasting 15 to 30 s and those lasting 2 to 4 h can be from the energy systems (ATP PCr, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidation) lacking resources to function properly. Also, after a certain amount of time the accumulation of metabolic by products, such as lactate acids can cause muscles to fatigue and slow an individual down. Another cause of fatigue could be the failure of muscle fbers contractile mechanism and the nervous system functioning improperly causing cramps. Lecture 2 – Cardiorespiratory Responses To Exercise 1. Describe how heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output respond to increasing rates of work. Illustrate how these three variables are interrelated. Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

- HR increases directly in proportion to the increase in exercise intensity until near-maximal exercise is achieved. As maximal exercise intensity is approached, HR begins to plateau even as the exercise workload continues to increase, indicating maximum HR. - SV increases with increasing exercise intensity up to intensities somewhere between 40% and 60% of VO2(max). At that point, SV typically plateaus, remaining essentially unchanged up to and including the point of exhaustion. - Because cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume (Q = HR x SV), cardiac output predictably increases with exercise intensity. 2. How do we determine HRmax? What are alternative methods using indirect estimates? What are the major limitations of these indirect estimates? The direct method is the estimation based upon all-out efort to the point of volitional fatigue. The indirect method is the estimation based upon age: HRmax = 208-.7(age) . The major limitation for the indirect method is that it is not accurate because there is a big standard deviation. a. Maximum HR (HRmax): highest HR achieved in all-out efort to volitional fatigue b. Highly reproducible c. Declines slightly with age d. Estimated HRmax= 220 -age in years e. Better estimated HRmax= 208 -(0.7 x age in years) 3. Explain why the ability to increase stroke volume is important in determining maximal oxygen consumption. A. Stoke volume increases to its highest value during sub-maximal exercise and does not increase further. B. Any further increase in oxygen consumption much come predominantly from an increase in heart rate 4. What is the Fick principle, and how does this apply to our understanding of the relationship between metabolism and cardiovascular function? a. VO2= Q x (a-v)O2diference b. VO2= HR x SV x (a-v)O2diference The Fick principle states that oxygen consumption of a tissue is dependent on blood fow to that tissue and the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood by the tissue. It's applied to both the whole body or regional circulations. It's related to metabolism and cardiovascular function it illustrates how using specifc tissues forces the heart to pump more blood to those areas, using more energy to keep up with increased demands in the process. OR The Fick principle states that oxygen consumption of a tissue is dependent on blood fow to that tissue and the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood by the tissue. It's applied to both the whole body and regional circulations. It's related to metabolism and cardiovalscular function because it illustrates how using specifc tissues forces the heart to pump more blood to those areas, using more energy to keep up with increased demands in the process. 5. Defne the Frank-Starling mechanism. How does this work during exercise? Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

As H+ increases, it stimulates the respiratory center to increase ventilation, facilitating the binding of H+ to bicarbonate to remove carbon dioxide. This decrease free H+ and increases blood pH, providing short term means of neutralizing acute efects of exercise acidosis. 10. What are the primary bufers in the blood? In muscles? a. Primary bufers in blood include bicarbonate, hemoglobin, proteins and phosphates. b. Bufers in muscles include phosphates such as phosphoric acid and sodium phosphate. Lecture 3 – Hormones And Exercise 1. What is an endocrine gland, and what are the functions of hormones? A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by cells that bind to receptors on the plasma membrane of other cells or enter other cells and alter the metabolic function of these cells 2. Explain the diference between steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones in terms of their actions at target cells. Steroid hormones can pass through cell membranes easily since they are fat soluble while non steroid hormones can't do so easily. Steroid hormones include: tester one from the testes, estrogen and progesterone from ovaries & placenta and Cortisol and aldosterone secreted by adrenal cortex. Non steroid hormones: divided into protein or peptide hormones and acid derived hormones. The latter is produced by the thyroid and adrenal medulla glands while the former makes up all other non-steroid hormones 3. How can hormones have very specifc functions when they reach nearly all parts of the body through the blood? A hormone may reach all parts of the body but only specifc target cells respond to specifc hormones. A given hormone traveling in the bloodstream elicits specifc response from its target cells while other cell types ignore that particular hormone 4. What determines plasma concentrations of specifc hormones? What determines their efectiveness on target cells and tissues? -rate of secretion by the Endocrine -rate of removal from the blood Plasma hormone concentration Plasma concentrations are dependent on the type of receptors which change to match environment. Hormones are secreted secreted in pulses that cause concentrations to fuctuate over periods of an hour or less. Efectiveness is determined by number of receptors on a target cell, which alter to increase or decrease cell's sensitivity to hormone. 5. Defne the terms upregulation and downregulation. How do target cells become more or less sensitive to hormones? Up: an increase in available receptors —> MORE hormones can be bound at one time —> cell's become MORE sensitive >> need to produce less hormones Down: decrease in available receptors—> LESS hormone can be bound at one time —> cell becomes LESS sensitive >>> have to produce hormones 6. What are second messengers, and what role do they play in hormonal control of cell function? Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

Signal relaying molecules that help intensify the strength of the signal. Can trigger numerous cellular processes Second messengers formed by nonsteroid hormone molecule that binds to its membrane receptor and triggers a series of reactions. One common second messenger is Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). It activates cellular enzymes, changes membrane permeability, and stimulates cellular secretions. The second messengers can relay signals in the cell but they primarily amplify the strength of it. As for hormonal control of cell function, cAMP is employed with the hormones epinephrine and glucagon. 7. Briefy outline the major endocrine glands and their hormones. Anterior pituitary : Growth hormones ; Builds tissues, organs. Potent anabolic hormone . Promotes muscle growth. Stimulates fat metabolism. Thyrotropin ; thyroid stimulation, stimulates T3 and T4. Thyroid gland : Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) . Metabolic rate of all tissues, protein synthesis, number and size of mitochondria, glucose uptake by cells, rate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, FFA mobilization. Adrenal Cortex : Releases glucocorticoids (cortisol). Increases gluconeogenesis, FFA mobilization and protein catabolism. Adrenal medulla : Releases catecholamines . Fight or fight./ Medulla oblongata : releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that increase heart rate, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and release corticosteroids. Pancreas : Insulin ; lower blood glucose, increase synthesis of glycogen, protein, fat. Inhibits gluconeogenesis. Glucagon ; raises blood glucose. increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis. OR 1)Adrenal Medulla :  Epinephrine  stimulates breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscles and lypolsis in adipose tissue and muscle  norepinephrine  constricts arterioles and venules, thereby elevating blood pressure 2)Thyroid :  T3 and T4  increase rate of metabolism; increase rate and contractility of the heart 3) Anterior pituitary :  GH  promotes development and enlargement of all body tissues until maturation  FSH  initiates growth of follicles in the ovaries and promotes secretion of estrogen from the ovaries LH  promotes secretion of estrogen and progesterone and causes the follicle to rupture, releasing the ovum;  causes testes to secrete testosterone 4) Pancreas :  Insulin  controls blood glucose levels by lowering gluose levels; increases use of glucose and synthesis of fat  Glucagon  increases blood glucose; stimulates the breakdown of protein and fat Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879

ATP-PCr system : little enzymatic change with training. ATP-PCr system-specifc training leads to increased strength glycolytic system : increase in key glycolytic enzyme activity with training (phosphorylase, PFK, LDH, hexokinase) . however, performance gains from increase in strength 7. Why is cross-training benefcial to endurance athletes? How does it beneft sprint and power athletes? cross-training can increase power, add fexibility, build stability, and increase motivation/ Strength training increases muscle power and strength; Endurance can inhibit strength gains but still improved a person’s ability to perform continuous reps  fewer injuries  faster rehab  greater aerobic ftness  develop fexibility 8. What is the lactate threshold? How is it measured? What is its relationship to sport performance? The lactate threshold is the point at which blood lactate begins to substantially accumulate above resting concentrations during exercise of increasing intensity. It is measured by taking a blood sample at various points of exercise to measure blood lactate to fnd the relationship between exercise and blood lactate. Perhaps best defned as the point in time during exercise of increasing intensity where the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate clearance, it's tied to sports performance since those with a higher lactate threshold can maintain a high performance for a longer period of time. This idea usually coincides with a higher VO2MAX. 9. What is economy of efort? How is it measured? What is its relationship to sport performance? Economy of efort is a person's ability to use less energy performing an activity as they become more skilled. It is measured by comparing two runners with an almost identical VO2MAX and seeing if there is a performance diference between the two despite them being on nearly equal footing when it comes to oxygen consumption. This ties into sports performance since while there is no specifc explanation as to why this is, it shows that a more economical use of one's efort can lead to a greater physical output with less energy used. Ideal for marathon athletes. 10. What is critical power? What is its relationship to sport performance? Critical power is the power-asymptote of the hyperbolic relationship between power output and time-to-exhaustion. It can be altered through training programs to better the power-time relationship. It serves as an important fatigue threshold in sport physiology. Its relation to sport performance is how much an individual can perform and produce in a certain amount of time. 11. What metabolic adaptations occur in response to endurance training? ↑ size of mitochondria ↑ number of mitochondria ↑ concentration of oxidative enzymes ↑ blood fow in trained muscle ↑ concentration of fat-metabolizing enzymes ↑ muscle respiratory capacity due to mitochdrial improvement ↓ catecholamine release (catecholamines increase glycolysis) Downloaded by Jack Groves (jack.dgroves@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|7758879