Activity sheets 1-3
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1 Activity Sheet-1 Intro to Earth Science - Lecture --42 points I
t’s all about relationships. As you prepare for exam-1, review the content below and formulate relationships between various concepts. In many cases, don’t memorize, but explain in your own words and develop a picture in your mind how the concepts work. Most importantly, as you learn the concept and relationship, be able to explain using the proper terminology. Please make sure you take a look at the probable exam essay questions at the end of this study guide. 1. Define the major areas of Earth Science (geology, meteorology, physical oceanography astronomy) - GEOLOGY- The study of the earth - Physical oceanography is the study of the ocean floor, including plate tectonics
, and Topography. - Meteorology- Study of the atmosphere and processes that produce climate weather, like clouds (adiabatic process), greenhouse effect, and the role of water vapor. - Astronomy- The study of the universe, The earth’s place in our universe, the origin of the earth, and how it relates to other objects. a. Relationship question: How is Earth science studied? and explain how the method of studying earth science relates to the major areas of earth science. - The earth is studied by scientists using the scientific method. This method is used to take an observation of a topic, form a hypothesis (educated guess) and experiment with it. If it fails try again but with better knowledge. 2. Write a brief description describing each step of the scientific method and describe why the scientific method is important to earth processes. - The scientific method is used to get the truth about processes in specific steps. The first step is to make an observation and measurements, the second step is to form a hypothesis (prediction or educated guess, the third step is to test the hypothesis or experiment to check the accuracy. a. Relationship questions: Write a “brief” paragraph describing an experience you had where you tried something and failed. Then you tried again but maybe failed a second time. Finally, after numerous tries, you finally succeeded. ● One experience that I can make when I tried something out and failed then tried again then happened to fail or succeed was when I go out and run. When I go out on my runs I set a goal on myself to test myself if I reach that goal, I set a goal of trying to run 3 miles Hoping I can reach that goal. On the first and second days, I was not successful and ended up going home after 1 mile. On the third and fourth days I was able to achieve 2 miles but nothing more and went back home. On my 5th day, I took a rest and then used what I learned from my runs the following day. On my sixth day, I was able to succeed and achieve my goal of running three miles. b. Using your paragraph, identify statements within your paragraph that use the scientific method steps which allowed you to find success and explain how a person, more than likely, uses the scientific method to succeed in life. ● Observation
- When I go out on my runs I set a goal for myself to test myself if I reach that goal. ● Hypothesis- I set a goal of trying to run 3 miles Hoping I can reach that goal. ● Experiment- On the first and second days, I was not successful and ended up going home after 1 mile. On the third and fourth days I was able to achieve 2 miles but nothing more and went back home. On my 5th day, I took a rest and then used what I learned from my runs the following day. On my sixth day, I was able to succeed and achieve my goal of running three miles.
2 - Consistency is how a person is more than likely to find success. 3. Describe the differences between an isolated, closed and open system. ● Isolated system- No liquid closed object - No exchange of matter or energy ● Closed system- Closed object with liquid - Exchange of energy but not matter ● Open system- Open object with liquid and matter - Exchange of matter and energy - The earth is either a closed system or an open system. a. Relationship question: Are you an open, closed or isolated earth system person. Explain why ● I believe that the earth is a closed system because when the sun shines over crops it will be able to emit energy and oxygen not matter. There has not really been anything that comes from space to enter earth to be able to emit matter and energy for the earth to be an open system. 4. Describe the four open system spheres that support the earth’s existence. - IMPORTANT ● Lithosphere (geosphere)- Represents the solid earth: minerals rocks, and interior ● Atmosphere- Thin blanket of gas keeping life alive, warm, and protected. ● Hydrosphere- All water processes only planet wat water, 71% ocean 12,500 ● Biosphere - Includes all living organisms on land, in water, and in air. ● Relationship questions: Explain how the four open systems relate to how earth science is studied. a. Draw a diagram that illustrates an interaction between at least two open systems -- Do not use the example in the lecture presentation b. Explain how you interact with each open system. - I interact with the atmosphere by letting it embrace its warmness while picking up the rocks under me. 5. Describe the meaning of positive and negative feedback mechanisms. - The earth maintains a balance between systems through positive and negative feedback - Positive feedback - Works to change the system - Negative feedback - Works to resist the change EX TUG OF WAR → Working to change the system and working to resist the change maintains the balance within the system a. Relationship questions: Explain how positive/negative feedback relate to how earth science is studied. - We can study this by having the sun radiate its energy onto the ocean which evaporates the ocean water which either increases temperature or decreases temperature. b. Provide an example of earth processes that demonstrate a positive/negative relationship -- Do not use the example in the lecture. - One example I can make up is when you eat junk food you gain weight and increase blood sugar which is positive feedback. At some point, you try a salad and go exercising which resists the change this is an example of negative feedback. 6. What is meant by chemical differentiation and the concept of density
3 - Chemical differentiation is the separation of heavy(core) to lightest (crust). Heavy things have more density(sinks), and lighter things (surfaces) have less density. a. Relationship questions: How does a container, after shaking, filled with vegetable oil, plastic beads, copper BB’s, wood chips and marshmallows relate to our earth’s interior? - After shaking an object just like that, beads, copper bbs, wood chips, will sink because those are heavy objects, and the lighter things will float. b. How does chemical differentiation of our earth’s interior explain the origin of the earth? - ALL metal and heavy materials are at the bottom of the earth, while everything that can be found on the surface is usually lighter objects. 7. Why are you taking the Earth Science course? - I am taking this course because I heard Professor jack pierce makes learning science easy and fun. a. Relationship questions: How will completing this class and learning about your earth change your views of your environment? - After learning the important key concepts of this course I will be able to acknowledge the earth and how it functions. b. Although you are probably not majoring in earth science, how will you use this knowledge you learned to make earth a better place to live? - I will make it my goal to make the earth a better place by doing stuff that other won't do to show appreciation. c. What earth science question or questions do you have in which you have longed for an answer? - Why is the earth the only planet with some sort of life on it? See possible essay questions on the next page. Possible Essay questions for this chapter: 1. Describe the differences between a positive and negative feedback mechanism and provide an example - There are 2 important systems that the earth has that most people do commonly and there is positive and negative feedback. Positive feedback focuses on the change of any object or anyone including the earth. Negative feedback focuses on resisting that change. The difference between these two feedbacks is that one focuses on changes while the other feedback prevents any changes. An example I can make is when you eat junk food you gain weight and increase blood sugar which is positive feedback. At some point, you try a salad and go exercising which resists the change this is an example of negative feedback. 2. How is earth science studied provide an example using the main open system spheres. ● The earth is studied by the 4 main open systems, lithosphere, oceanography, biosphere, and atmosphere. We use these four subsystems to monitor and study the behavior between these systems. We also check how these open systems interact with each other. For example, Lithosphere is the study of land, this focuses on how mountains and rocks are formed and also looks into the interior of the earth. Oceonograpgy is the study of the earth's water and the different processes on how different taste of water is formed, 71% of the earth is water. The atmosphere is what keeps all of us alive, it is considered a thin blanket to keep us warm and protected. Biosphere is the study of all living organisms and that includes us as well. We all interact with these 4 open systems in our daily lives, this is the way how it is studied because we walk on land, we breathe air, we drink filtered and processed water from the earth, most people have pets or are married, and all of those examples are ways to study earth science.
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Activity Sheet-2 Minerals - Lecture -- 85 points I
t’s all about relationships. As you prepare for exam-1, review the content below and formulate relationships between basic chemistry and mineral concepts. In many cases, don’t memorize, but explain in your own words and develop a picture in your mind how the concepts work. Most importantly, as you learn the concept and relationship, be able to explain the concept using the proper terminology. Please make sure you take a look at the probable exam essay questions at the end of this study guide. It’s recommended that you view the mineral lecture in its entirety before answering questions. 1. Describe the basic parts of an atom (subatomic components) and distinguish the differences between atomic number, atomic mass. ● The basic parts of the atom contain the following electron, protons neutrons, and electrons (subatomic components). ● Atomic Numbers are also the number of protons, determines chemical characteristics. ● To get the atomic mass you would have to add protons with neutrons. The same atom can have varying numbers of neutron a. Relationship question
: 1. Why are the subatomic particles “positively charged” and “negatively charged” and how does this relationship relate to the five part definition of a mineral? - In order to satisfy an atom or stable you will need to fill or lose an electron to satisfy the outer shell. If an electrically charged atom loses an electron it becomes positively charged. If it gains an electron it would be negatively charged in order for it to be stable. - There are 25 common minerals combined to form rocks this relates to the 5 part definition because it's naturally occurring and also inorganic. We also have to see how minerals form together 2. How is the atomic number, atomic mass and an electrically balanced atom related? - Atomic numbers equal the number of protons in an atom, also the same number of electrons, atomic mass varies with the weight of the atom. Solve the following relationships using these values: a. Relationship question
: Atomic Number (AN), Atomic Mass (AM) 1. 16 electrons, 7 neutrons, electrically balanced a. AN = 16 AM = 23 2. AM= 47, AN=24, electrically balanced a. Neutrons = 23 electrons = 24 3. 25 protons, 12 neutrons, electrically balanced a. AM = 37 AN = 25 electrons = 25 3. What is a chemical element? Compound? - A chemical element are elements bonded through electrical glue using from various element configurations such as using the rule of 8 a. Relationship questions: 1. How does the element definition relate to the atomic number? - The atomic number relates to the number of protons of that the element contains, so if the number is 8, it will have 8 protons in that specific element. 2. Is an element considered a mineral Why or Why not? - No, an element cannot be considered a mineral. An element is considered a chemical substance, however, it can be used to create many minerals. 4. The same element can occur as solid, liquid or a gas. - All elements exist as a solid, liquid or a gas.
a. Relationship question: 1. Why are most ( around 90%) of elements in their solid phase? Is this a good “thing” or a bad “thing”, explain your answer. ● Oxygen and other atmospheric systems create systems if there were any other elements we would not be living the way we are today. It is a good thing because we live in a world where everything is solid. 5. The periodic table organizes elements based on similar physical chemical characteristics. Describe the reactivity of elements moving from left (group-1) to right (group 18). - The reactivity from left to right will become less and less reactive a. Relationship questions: 1. Why does reactivity change from one group to the next (think valence electrons)? - When an element is not electrically stable it will explode or set on fire. 2. Why are minerals typically non-reactive and made of various element combinations? - Minerals are all in their electrically stable form. 3. What is the relationship between periodic groups and valence numbers? And how does that relate to reactivity? - The relationship between the periodic groups and valence numbers 4. What is the most reactive element on the periodic chart Why? 5. Why are the noble gasses considered NON REACTIVE? - Because they're reluctant to share electrons from their filled outer electron shells (they usually share electrons) 6. The periodic table divides elements according to similar properties---- example, metals and nonmetals a. Relationship questions: 1. Describe 4 properties that are common with metals and 4 properties common with nonmetals. - Metals: Dense, heavy, malleable, and bend easily. Also good conductors of heat and electricity. - Non metals: Can be a gas, liquid, or solid, it cannot break or bend. 2. What happens to individual element properties of both metals and nonmetals when they bond together forming a mineral? - They form into an Ionic bond 7. All chemical reactions take place along the valence shell. a. Relationship questions: 1. What is the valence shell - A valence shell is the outermost shell in an atom that comprises of all valence electrons 2. How is the valence shell related to the ionic state of an atom? - atom wants to be satisfied or stable by filling the electrons lost or gained when satisfying the outer shell 3. What is meant by “losing” and “gaining” an electron - In order for an atom to be electrically satisfied or stable they would have to lose or gain an electron 4. What is meant by the rule of 8? - The rule of 8 is having 8 electrons in a valence shell to maintain a stable compound 5. How does the electron configuration of an element differ from an ion? - the electron configuration of atoms and ions are different because they have different numbers of electrons 8. Elements bond to make minerals or “chemical compounds”. Describe in your own words the differences between the ionic, covalent, metallic and van der waal bonds. - Ionic bonding - Electrically transferred electrons, it involves adding the number of valence electrons to satisfy or stabilize an element. - Covalent bonding - It involves sharing an electron from one element to another to satisfy its needs, also considered the strongest bond - Metallic bonding - Packed atoms sticking to each other kinda like sharing with loosely held electrons freely moving from one atom to the next.
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- Van der Waals bonding - Weak attraction between electrically neutral molecules, it is easily broken and can slip past one another. a. Relationship questions: What common bonding characteristic is common to all 4 bonds? - They are all atoms or ions that involve sharing or loosing an electron. 1. Given each bonding type, identify which type of bonds are strong, weak, moderate, ect…. - Covalent bonds - Strong bond - Ionic boding - Weak bond - Metallic bonding - Moderate bond - Van der waals - weak bond 2. Which bonds would allow the mineral to scratch glass, peel apart, express malleability and produce very soft type minerals? - Scratch glass - Covalent bond - Peel apart - van der waals - Maleabillity - Metallic bonds - Produce very soft types of materials Ionic bonds. 3. How does the type of mineral bond relate to mineral physical properties? - Physical properties of minerals are determined by the type of mineral bond due to their carrying intensities 9. What is the five part definition that describes a mineral - The five-part definition that describes a mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound in a crystallized state. For a chemical compound to be categorized as a mineral it has to be formed naturally (geological) and formally. It also has to exists in a solid-state form in a crystalise structure. a. Relationship questions: 1. Is ice considered a mineral -- Why or Why not, explain - Ice is considered naturally occurring on earth so it is considered a mineral by its chemical and crystal structure. 2. Why is it fortunate that minerals are solid? - Minerals are solids due to their ordered atomic arrangement in their naturally occurring inorganic solids. 3. Give three examples of non-minerals that you use everyday (think of the mineral definition) and three examples of minerals you use everyday. - Non- Minerals we use at a daily basis are sugar, clay, and coal. Minerals that we use on a daily basis are copper cobalt and lithium. 10. Minerals are bonded together with metals and non-metals. a. Relationship question: 1. How would you describe the same sentence above using the terms cation and anion? Both cations (Positive metallic ions) and anions (Negative Non-metallic ions) are bonded together with minerals. 2. Describe the relationship between the size of cations and anions and crystalline shape that develops a mineral. - Cations and anions work together to charge together to bond and develop crystal shape minerals. 11. What is your impression of the crystals of the cave pointed out in the minerals lecture (youtube video)? - The crystals seem to be a danger to humans who exposes themselves for a very long time. Humidity can condense the fluids inside the lungs. a. Relationship questions: 1. What conditions were present to form huge gypsum crystals below the earth’s surface? - The conditions that were present were magma and the anhydrite containing the sulfate and calcium molecules previously deposited as giant selenite gypsum crystals. 2. What would happen if one of the conditions described above was removed or absent? - If one of the above conditions was removed, the cave crystals would not be formed.
12. Define the differences between a crystalline and amorphous substance - The difference between crystalline compounds and amorphous compounds is that crystalline components are held together by consistent intermolecular forces, and in amorphous solids, it forces holding the particles are not uniform. a. Relationship questions: 1. How does the bonding of atoms differ between an amorphous and crystalline substance? Draw a picture. 2. Explain why amorphous substances will not melt ---- they just get “gooey” when heated - Amorphous solid bonds hold the particles that do not break at once therefore it has no definite melting point. 3. What is the relationship between a mineraloid and an amorphous substance - Mineraloids do not demonstrate crystallinity just like amorphous, just like amorphous which are non-crystalline solids having atoms and molecules organized in an indefinite lattice pattern. 4. How does the term amorphous NOT relate to the mineral definition? - Amorphous does not relate to the mineral definition because minerals are crystalline having an ordered atomic structure unlike amorphous which have their internal atomic structure having no specific order. 5. Identify 3 amorphous and 3 crystalline substances you have used. - Amorphous: Glass, gels, and plastics while those of the crystalline solids include sodium nitrate, salt, and diamond. 13. Write down the most abundant elements found in the earth’s crust. (Remember to learn the elemental symbol for each common element) - The most abundant elements in the earth's crust include oxygen 47 %, Aluminium 8%, Iron 5%, and Calcium Ca (3.5%) a. Relationship questions: 1. Identify the cations and anions - Cations include Al, Fe, and Ca while anions include O and Si. 2. Which two elements are by far the most common elements on the earth’s surface? - Earth’s surface common elements are oxygen and silicon, they are the most common elements. 3. Considering the entire earth (all of earth including the earth’s interior), which element by far dominates? - Oxygen dominates the entire earth 4. Given the cations and anions in your list, what chemical compounds would you predict? - The chemical compounds i would predict are aluminum oxide, aluminum silicate, calcium oxide, and calcium silicate. 14. The silicate tetrahedron is the most common compound on the earth’s surface and forms the largest group of minerals known as silicates. a. Relationship questions: 1. Draw a picture of the silicate tetrahedron (in your own freehand) 2. What makes the silicate tetrahedron unique?
- Silicon tetrahedron is considered unique because it comprises of four oxygen atoms surrounding a central silicon atom. 3. Why do most silicate minerals scratch glass? - Silicate minerals are covalently bonded. 4. Which ion in the silicate tetrahedron is the cation and which is the anion - In silicate tetrahedrons, oxygen is the anion while silicon is the cation. 5. Would the mineral quartz scratch a diamond, Why or Why not, explain - Mineral quartz cannot scratch diamonds as the hardness of the quartz is seven while the diamond is 10. 6. Why is the earth’s surface dominated by silicate minerals? - The earth's surface is dominated mostly by silicon and oxygen elements because they are mostly abundant elements for the earth’s surface 7. What is the most dominatate mineral on the earth’s surface? - The most dominant mineral on the earth’s surface is the feldspar group which consists of silicon, oxygen, and aluminum. 15. The last slide in the mineral presentation explains how igneous rocks develop from magma (liquid rock) a. Relationship questions: 1. What common anion compound is present in all the minerals that have solidified from the magma? Why? - The most common anion compound that is present in all minerals is oxygen because it readily reacts with other cations and is in abundance in the earth’s atmosphere. 2. Why would a rock be considered frozen magma? - A rock is considered as frozen magma when hot magma erupts and spreads a long distance and then freezes. 3. When you observe a rock's composition (or what composes the rock), why would one see different minerals making up the rock? - Different minerals making up the rock can be visible due to their difference in colors. 4. And finally, after seeing the last mineral slide, what mechanism in nature accounts for the variety of silicate minerals found on earth (Hint: see the word with blanks below) - The mechanism in nature that account for the variety minerals coins from silicon found on earths from cooling magma. C o o l i n G O F M A G M A 17. How does a mineral's physical properties relate to the mineral's chemical composition? - Physical properties of a mineral relate to its chemical composition and bonding due to some of their characteristics that play a critical role in their identification. Possible exam essay questions for minerals 1. Describe the 4 types of mineral bonds and provide a mineral example for each ● Ionic bonding are electronically transferred electron from one ion to another. This process is used to satisfy the other ions' “rule of 8” or for the elements to bond together to form a mineral. Some mineral examples in Ionic bonding are Halite and Biolite ● Covalent bonding is the process of sharing electrons to make the bond stronger. Covalent bond materials are extremely hard to break. Some examples of these minerals are graphite and diamonds. ● Metallic bonding is tightly packed atoms that stick to each other to form of sharing. In this process, there are freely moving electron moving from one ion to another, but is easily bendable. They are also really good conductors of heat and electricity. Some mineral examples are Galena and Pyrite
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● The Van der Waals Bonding is a weak attraction between electrically neutral moles. This mineral bond is considered the weakest bond because layers slip past one another and it is broken very easily. One of the best Mineral examples is graphite. 2. Describe the differences between crystalline and amorphous substances ● A crystalline structure solid is held together by strong intermolecular forces that can be found usually in repeated unit cells in 3 dimensions, and it can go from solid to liquid. An amorphous solid like glass or plastic have a rigid less patterned structure that can’t go from solid to liquid, but it also has strong Intermolecular forces. 3. Describe the characteristics of the silicate tetrahedron and why is the silicate tetrahedron important to the silicate group of minerals? ● The silicate tetrahedron contains 4 oxygen atoms and 1 silicon atom, which takes the form a triangle. All tetrahedrons are covalently bonded to each other, they are very strong, and unstable. They can combine with free metallic cations ● The silicate tetrahedrons are important because the building blocks of the pyramid-shaped structure are one of the many important minerals of the earth's crust and mantle. It is also important to the silicate group of minerals because silicates are the most abundant class of minerals on earth. For example, Sand and quartz are silicates, and silicon is their central part.
Activity Sheet-3 Rocks - Lecture -- 120 points I
t’s all about relationships. As you prepare for exam-1, review the content below and formulate relationships between basic mineral chemistry (composition) and textural characteristics of rocks. In many cases, don’t memorize, but explain in your own words and develop a picture in your mind regarding rocks. Most importantly, as you learn the concept and relationship, be able to explain the concept using the proper terminology. Please make sure you take a look at the probable exam essay questions at the end of this activity sheet. It’s recommended that you view the rock lecture in its entirety before answering questions. 1. Elements make minerals, and Minerals make rocks. Relationship questions: a. Explain how a rock is different than a mineral ● A rock is composed of several minerals when elements are combined to form minerals. b. Write a definition of a rock ---- in your own words ● A rock is composed of several minerals and it can fall under the category of igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. c. Does the 5-part definition of a mineral fit the definition of rock? Why or Why not? ● No, it does not fit under the definition of a rock because the 5 part definition is primary for its crystalline structure and rocks do not have that crystal structure. 2. Briefly, write your own definition of an igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock. ● Igneous rocks are formed by magma or lava. Sedimentary is formed off of intense weathering processes that has been compressed and hardened by the earth's surface Relationship questions: a. What criteria allow scientists (geologists) to divide rocks into three categories? ● Geologists focus on the texture and composition of rocks b. How does each rock group relate to the rock cycle? ● Igneous rocks are formed at the beginning of the cycle as soon as magma cools down and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks can be formed by igneous rocks if it's compressed and cemented to form a new rock. Metamorphic rocks can be formed by either igneous or sedimentary rocks if they are heated and pressurized to form a new rock. 3. Identification of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) is made by observing the rock's textural characteristic and its composition. ● Relationship questions: a. Define Texture and Composition (IMPORTANT ROCK CONCEPTS) ● Texture: ○ The appearance of the rock ○ Size shape and arrangement of mineral grains ● Composition (mineral assemblages) ○ Types and relative proportions of minerals making up a rock ○ Composition, mineral makeup, and chemistry are all indicators of a rock’s composition b. Draw a diagram illustrating how a geologist views the term texture when identifying a rock
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c. Draw a diagram illustrating how a geologist views composition when identifying a rock d. What geologic conditions control textural characteristics for each rock group? ● It requires temperature, time, and space are some reasons that control the texture of these rocks. If a rock cools too quickly, it will have a finer grain size. If it cools slowly that means there will be more time for minerals to form larger crystals inside the rock Igneous Rocks 4. Igneous rocks are classified as either intrusive or extrusive. Relationship questions: a. Define intrusive and extrusive as it relates to igneous rocks ● Extrusive igneous rocks are cooled above the earth’s surface. Intrusive igneous rocks are cooled BELOW earth’s surface b. How do textural characteristics differ between intrusive/extrusive igneous rocks? Draw a diagram
c. Using the terms phaneritic and aphanitic, label your diagram and explain the geological environment producing these textures. 5. Compositions of igneous rocks can be identified based on the color of the rock (light, dark or intermediate colors) Relationship questions: a. What mineral compositions typically color the igneous rock dark, light and intermediate? ● Dark rocks are usually formed of dark minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. Light rocks are composed of light minerals such as quarts and feldspar. Intermediate rocks that have a composition of a low-density mineral such as feldspar and a high density mineral which is quartz b. Describe the terms mafic and felsic with respect to mineral compositions of igneous rocks ● Mafic rocks are dark-composition rocks with high-density minerals like magnesium. Felsic rocks are light-composition rocks that are composed of low-density minerals like silica c. Mafic compositions are known for high concentrations of Magnesium and iron d. Felsic compositions are known for high concentrations of SIlica 6. Classification of igneous rocks is based on texture and composition. Use the igneous rock classification chart and fill the blanks below. a. A phaneritic felsic igneous rock is identified as a Granite b. An aphanitic, felsic igneous rock is identified as a Rhyolite c. A phaneritic, mafic igneous rocks is identified as a gabbro d. An aphanitic, mafic igneous rock is identified as a Basalt e. A phaneritic intermediate igneous rock is identified as a diorite
f. An aphanitic intermediate igneous rocks is identified as a Andesite Relationship questions 1. Describe the relationship with rocks A and B , C and D and E and F. (What is similar) ● Granite and Rhyolite are both light rocks composed of at least 70% silica. Gabbro and Basalt are both composed of most 50% silica. Diorite and Andesite are both composed of 60% silica 2. Describe the differences in the geologic environment with rocks A/B, C/D and E/F (What is different?) ● Rocks A, C, and E are intrusive igneous rocks so they are cooled under the earth’s surface. Rocks B, D, and F are all extrusive igneous rocks that are cooled above the earth’s surface. Sedimentary Rocks 7. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the weathering process within the “sedimentary rock cycle”. Define each term in the sedimentary cycle and arrange the terms in order that would result the formation of a sedimentary rock 1. Lithification - Sediment becomes compacted or cemented together 2. Weathering- Pre-existing rocks are worn down by the wind, water, ice, etc 3. Deposition - Sediment is deposited after being transported 4. Transportation - Unconsolidated sediment moved by wind, water, etc 5. Unconsolidated sediment- Loose sediment EX sand 6. sedimentary rock - sediment is compacted and becomes a rock 8. Sedimentary rocks are divided into 3 categories based on the type of sediment. Rather than memorize each category, provide a one to three word description of each category that clearly shows the difference a. Detrital (clastic)- Rock with rock b. Chemical - Mineral sedimentary rock c. Organic (bioclastic) - Plant Sedimentary rock 9. Using your answers in #8, refer to the rock lecture and identify the common sedimentary rocks that have been lithified. Detrital: (Name the rock types according to decreasing grain size) Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale Chemical: Gypsum, halite, limestone Organic: Chalk, Fossil limestone, Coquina Relationship questions: 1. Describe the textural differences between detrital, chemical and organic sedimentary rocks ● Detrital sedimentary rocks have decreasing particle sizes ranging from Pebbles to Flour sized grains. Chemical sediments are precipitation processes. Organic sedimentary (animal parts) rocks will always have fossils or parts of shells. 2. Why is hydrochloric acid (HCL) a useful test for chemical sedimentary rocks? ● Chemical sediment rocks react with hydrochloric acid and it will show its effectiveness if it was calcium carbonated cemented rock. 3. Can organic and chemical sedimentary rocks react with HCL Why? ● No, they cannot react with HCL, they will most likely break down and dissolve. 4. What does detrital, chemical and organic sedimentary rocks tell the field geologist about ancient geologic environments? ● A geologist can determine the minerals in a sedimentary rock at one point in time. If the sediment rock have plant or animal fossils, then they can determine what type of life that lived there. If the rock it mostly dry in that area, then it could be evidence that there was water somewhere close.
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Metamorphic Rocks 1. Based on your first viewing of the rock lecture, write a brief sentence describing the general differences between igneous and metamorphic rock textures--- What do you observe? ● Igneous rocks have a lot of visible grains, metamorphic rocks have no grains. 2. What is a good working definition of a metamorphic rock (refer to the lecture) ● It would be the transformation of pre-existing rock into a metamorphic rock through a pressure and temperature relationship. Relationship questions: a. What is meant by “solid-state-transformation?” ● When a rock is in between a solid and a liquid state when it changes from a pre-existing rock to a metamorphic rock b. How would the metamorphic rock be classified if temperatures turned the rock into a liquid? ● It would be considered as magma if the rock turned back into a liquid c. What depths (pressure) and temperature is considered for preexisting rocks to begin metamorphism? ● Metamorphism happens around 5km below the earth’s surface and at a temperature of 150 degrees celsius Metamorphic rock geologic environments 1. Contrast the differences between contact and regional metamorphism on pre-existing rocks. Draw a diagram that represents contact and regional metamorphism. ● In summary in metamorphism, Magma comes into contact with solid rock. The heat from the magma is transferred and the solid rock is changed and this change happens quickly. In regional metamorphism, Pre-existing rock is put under intense stress like the force that makes mountains. This change happens slowly over time. Relationship question; 1. If you understand the condition for one type of metamorphism, how would you use the conditions to learn the other type of metamorphism (contact vs. regional) ● The word regional suggests something that is taking place in a specific location. Regional metamorphism takes place in an area of high stress on the earth. Contact metamorphism takes place when the rock comes into contact with molten rock. 10. The geothermal gradient provides another type of heat source for metamorphism. 1. Observing the geothermal gradient diagram, what is the geothermal gradient telling you regarding the y-axis and x-axis? ● The y-axis Is the temperature below the earth’s surface measured in celsius. The x-axis is the depth below the earth’s surface measured in kilometers. 2. Fill in the blanks ---- As depth increases, Pressure increases, and Temperature increases. Relationship questions: 1. If temperature was increased at a constant rate, what would the temperature gradient line look like on the geothermal gradient graph? ● If the temperature was increasing at a constant rate, then there would be a straight diagonal line going down as depth and temperature increased. 2. At what depth does the geothermal gradient rise rapidly and what depths does the geothermal gradient become less? ● About 1000 km below the earth’s surface, the geothermal gradient rises rapidly. After reaching 2000 km below the earth’s surface, the gradient slows down and the temperature rises very slowly. 3. Why is the geothermal gradient rapid in the upper part of the earth’s interior? ● It is rapid in the upper part of the earth’s interior because the cool rock is heated as depth increases
11. As earth depth increases, pressure increases. Pressure on rocks is variable but can exist between two end members ---- from confining to differential type pressures. 1. Define confining and differential type pressures ● Confining pressure is equal amounts of pressure on all sides of the rock. Differential pressure is the different amounts of pressure on each side of the rock 2. Provide an example of confining and differential pressure ● Confining pressure is a rock with minerals that have been lithified (compacted). An example of differential pressure would be a rock that has bands of minerals through it Relationship questions: 1. During metamorphic processes, which type of pressure do you think is dominant and why? ● Differential pressure is dominant because it is more likely that rocks are subjected to varying amounts of pressure 2. Describe some common metamorphic environments that would produce enough pressure to deform solid rock ● A common metamorphic environment would be two tectonic plates converge 3. How is the statement “solid-state-transformation” related to pressures deforming rock? ● The rock is still solid but is malleable enough to transform 12. Remember that identification of rocks is a function of textural and compositional characteristics. In metamorphic rock textures, geologists use the term foliation and non-foliation for identification. 1. Define the textural terms “foliated” and “nonfoliated” ● Foliated means layers that present in rocks after being subjected to extreme pressure coming from one direction. Non-foliated refers to metamorphic rocks that do not have obvious layers. 2. Provide metamorphic rock examples for foliated and nonfoliated types. ● Foliated metamorphic rocks include slate and schist. Examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks include quartzite and marble. Relationship questions: 1. What is the pressure/temperature relationship difference between the rocks gneiss and slate? ● Genesis is a metamorphosized rock that is formed under extreme temperature and pressure. Slate is metamorphosized shale that has not been placed under the same conditions as the genesis 2. How does grain size tell the geologist if the rock was subjected to high or low metamorphism temperatures and pressure? ● A rock that has been placed under a lot of temperature and pressure will have a greater chance of having a foliation and or minerals that are more stable in these extreme environments. The more foliation or minerals present, the more it can mean the rock was undergoing more extreme conditions. 3. If pressure and temperature conditions are great enough to exceed the solid-state-transformation state and the rock material becomes liquid, what part of the rock cycle is represented? And how does this define the “rock cycle”? ● If the rock material becomes liquid, then it is considered magma. Magma can then harden into igneous rock and the rock cycle can continue. Possible essay questions 1. Define the differences between contact and regional metamorphism and provide two examples of metamorphic rock types ● Contact Metamorphism means the contact of magma of solid rocks meaning that heat is transferred into an overlying rock, changing the pre-existing rock. It is also very fast acting like cooking an egg in a frying pan. Some rock examples are marble and quartz formed within the metamorphism.
● Regional metamorphism starts with deformation and is subjected to intense stresses and strains. The process is high heat with high pressure. Two metamorphic rocks rock types examples are Genesis and Schist. 2. Briefly explain the formation of each rock type (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and provide three rock examples for each rock group. ● Igneous rocks are formed by solidifying molten hot lava in order to form an igneous rock. This process can happen above or below the earth’s surface. If some igneous rocks are subjected to any weathering processes then it becomes sedimentary rock. Some examples of igneous rocks are diorite, gabbro, and granite ● Sedimentary rocks are formed on the earth's surface from the weathering processes. For example, if any pre-existing rock is on the surface and it undergoes the weathering process such as ice, rain, wind, or hail then it is considered a sedimentary rock. Some common examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone, limestone, and shale ● The process of a rock being considered a metamorphic rock is when a pre-existing rock is below 5km below the earth’s surface and exposed to rising pressure and temperature. If the rock becomes a liquid then it is considered magma. Magma can then be hardened into igneous rock and the rock cycle can continue. 3. How is the rock cycle related to internal and external forces? ● Internal earth forces are things that happen within the earth, this includes the cooling of rocks within the earth. Earthquakes, moving continents, the elevation of mountains, and volcano eruptions are considered to be a part of the earth’s interior. The way internal forces interact with the rock cycle is by the volcano eruption, rocks from the earth’s surface are able to be exposed to the oxygen on the earth’s surface, which can continue the rock cycle. ● Earth’s external forces are processes that happen on the earth’s surface such as the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and erosion. The interaction between the earth's external force and the rock cycle is that the cooling process happens above the earth’s surface in order for it to become a sedimentary rock.
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