Astronomy Knowledge Quiz: Test Your Stellar Concepts!

Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. When discussing the true brightness of a star, we refer to its intrinsic brightness. Answer Key:intrinsic Question 2 of 10 1.0 Points Which of the following is not one of the Three Pillars of Proof for the Big Bang Theory?  A. The abundance of light elements  B. Binary star systems  C. Cosmic Microwave Background characteristics  D. Recession of stars Answer Key:B Question 3 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. An substance that cannot be broken down to anything simpler by chemical means is called a(n) element . Answer Key:element Question 4 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Our closest neighbouring spiral galaxy is the andromeda Galaxy. Answer Key:Andromeda Question 5 of 10 1.0 Points The reason there are usually more clouds in the sky rather than on the ground is because  A. We just don’t “see” the clouds on the ground because we’re at the same level.  B. There is more water vapour higher in the atmosphere  C. The air is thinner higher in the atmosphere  D. The temperature is cooler higher in the atmosphere Answer Key:D Question 6 of 10 1.0 Points A light-year is the length of time it takes light to travel from Earth to the Sun. True False

Answer Key:False Question 7 of 10 1.0 Points If we want to see what the Sun would have looked like at its formation, we can look at  A. T Tauri Stars  B. Pulsars  C. Neutron stars  D. White Dwarf stars Answer Key:A Question 8 of 10 1.0 Points Our galaxy is  A. A spiral galaxy  B. an elliptical galaxy  C. an irregular galaxy  D. a barred galaxy Answer Key:A Question 9 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. An educated guess, based on observation is called a(n) hypothe . Answer Key:hypothesis Question 10 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons . Answer Key:neutrons Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points Edwin Hubble made many contributions to space science. Which of the following number among his noteworthy contributions [select all that apply]? A. Showing that the Sun does not revolve around the Earth B. Proving that the universe is expanding C. Showing that there are multiple galaxies in the universe

D. Discovering the Helios Delta star system E. Developing a way to measure distances in space Answer Key:B, C, E Question 2 of 10 1.0 Points Northern lights (aurora borealis) are a result of Earth's interaction with Moon's gravitational pull. False True Answer Key:False Feedback:The northern lights are caused by charged particles entering the Earth's atmosphere! Question 3 of 10 1.0 Points An ion has an equal number of protons and electrons. True False Answer Key:False Feedback:An ion can be positive or negative. A positive ion has fewer electrons than protons, and a negative ion has a greater number of electrons than protons. Question 4 of 10 1.0 Points When Sun eventually runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will likely next become a  A. Black hole  B. Red Giant  C. Blue Dwarf  D. Red Dwarf Answer Key:B Question 5 of 10 1.0 Points The age of the universe is [select all that apply!] A. 13.8 billion years old.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

B. 13.8 million years old. C. 13,800,000,000 years old. D. 13,800,000 years old. Answer Key:A, C Feedback:13.8 billion years is 13,800,000,000 years. Question 6 of 10 1.0 Points Hypothetically, if the universe was spherical in shape, it would be [select all answers that apply!]: A. an "open" system B. finite in size C. a "closed" system D. infinite in size Answer Key:B, C Question 7 of 10 1.0 Points Which of the following is true (select ALL true answers!) A. A seagull flying towards a foghorn hears a higher pitched foghorn blast than one flying away B. "Blue Shift" light is emitted by a body that is receding from the observer C. Infrared light has a lower frequency than ultraviolet light Answer Key:A, C Question 8 of 10 1.0 Points The group of stars encircled by the white oval on the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram are the  A. Giants  B. Main Sequence  C. Supergiants  D. White Dwarfs Answer Key:D Question 9 of 10

1.0 Points Which of the following statements is true?  A. Stars that are further away always appear more dim than closer stars.  B. The "colour" of a star is related to its distance.  C. The luminosity ("intrinsic brightness") of stars decreases with distance from the observer.  D. The difference between the measured ("apparent") brightness of a star and its intrinsic brightness allows you to calculate its distance. Answer Key:D Feedback:Be careful not to confuse 'apparent brightness' and 'intrinsic brightness', or luminosity. As an analogy, intrinsic brightness is like the 100 watt rating on a light bulb: wherever you stand in the room, the light bulb is still a 100W bulb. But, the apparent brightness (the light that actually enters your eye) is smaller when you stand further away. A dim light could be a 100W bulb viewed from afar, or it could be a close-by 20W bulb. If we know (from its colour) that it's a 100W bulb, then we can figure out how far away it must be. Question 10 of 10 1.0 Points The Orion Arm is part of which local group galaxy?  A. Milky Way  B. Andromeda  C. Triangulum Answer Key:A Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points Which of the following is a telescope located in orbit around Earth?  A. Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope  B. Hubble Space Telescope  C. Galileo Telescope  D. Castle of the Heavens Telescope

Answer Key:B Question 2 of 10 1.0 Points Which of the following is not a terrestrial planet?  A. Saturn  B. Earth  C. Mercury  D. Mars Answer Key:A Question 3 of 10 1.0 Points The most abundant element in the Sun is helium. True False Answer Key:False Question 4 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. The photosphere is the visible outer layer of a star. Answer Key:photosphere Question 5 of 10 1.0 Points Pluto is now classified as a proto-planet. True False Answer Key: False Question 6 of 10 1.0 Points

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Black spots on Sun that are cooler than their surroundings are called sunspots . Answer Key: sunspots Question 7 of 10 1.0 Points Which of the following is not an official requirement for a classification as a planet in our Solar System?  A. Has cleared its orbit of debris  B. Must have enough mass to have assumed a nearly round shape  C. Must have at least one satellite  D. Must orbit the Sun Answer Key:C Question 8 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. The largest object in the Asteroid Belt is called ceres . Answer Key:Ceres Question 9 of 10 1.0 Points Which of the following is not true about the Sun?  A. It is oblate in shape  B. It is well over 10 billion years old  C. Its surface is 5,800K  D. Its diameter is about 109 times that of Earth Answer Key:B Question 10 of 10 1.0 Points The Solar System's asteroid belt is located between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. True False

Answer Key: False Feedback: The asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter. Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points When the Sun eventually enters its final phase and cools and fades, at the very end of its life cycle it will become a  A. Black Dwarf  B. White Dwarf  C. Black hole  D. Red Giant Answer Key:A Question 2 of 10 1.0 Points Match the following elements with their abundance in the Sun: 1. A. 71% 2. B. 27.1% 3. C. 0.014% 4. D. 0.97% select A B C D1. Hydrogen select A B C D2. Helium select A B C D3. Oxygen select A B C D4. Iron Answer Key: 1:A, 2:B, 3:D, 4:C Question 3 of 10 1.0 Points Match the Solar System bodies to their distances (in astronomical units) from Sun: 1. A. Earth 2. B. Neptune 3. C. Jupiter 4. D. Sedna 5. E. Ceres

6. F. Uranus 7. G. Venus 8. H. Saturn 9. I. Mercury 10. J. Mars select A B C D E F G H I J1. distance: 0.38 AU select A B C D E F G H I J2. distance: 0.71 AU select A B C D E F G H I J3. distance: 1 AU select A B C D E F G H I J4. distance: 1.52 AU select A B C D E F G H I J5. distance: 2.8 AU select A B C D E F G H I J6. distance: 5.2 AU select A B C D E F G H I J7. distance: 9.5 AU select A B C D E F G H I J8. distance: 19.2 AU select A B C D E F G H I J9. distance: 30 AU select A B C D E F G H I J10. distance: between 76 and 937 AU Answer Key: 10:D, 1:I, 2:G, 3:A, 4:J, 5:E, 6:C, 7:H, 8:F, 9:B Question 4 of 10 1.0 Points Which of the following make up the terrestrial planets (Select all that apply)? A. Saturn B. Uranus C. Venus D. Earth E. Jupiter F. Neptune G. Mars H. Mercury Answer Key:C, D, G, H Question 5 of 10 1.0 Points A zone of icy bodies that we have evidence exists as a source of comets (but haven’t directly seen yet) at the outer edges of the Solar System is called  A. The Asteroid Belt  B. The Kuiper Belt  C. The Milky Way Galaxy  D. The Oort Cloud

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Answer Key:D Feedback:So-called 'long period' comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud, and 'short period' comets in the Kuiper belt. The Oort cloud is located far, far away at the outer edges of the Solar System. Unlike the Kuiper belt, which extends just beyond the orbit of Neptune, we don't have images of objects in the Oort cloud. Question 6 of 10 1.0 Points A telescope that uses a glass lens to collect light is called a  A. Refractor telescope  B. Reflector telescope Answer Key:A Question 7 of 10 1.0 Points Which of these objects is not located in the Kuiper Belt?  A. Sedna  B. Ceres  C. Eris Answer Key:B Question 8 of 10 1.0 Points Earth is approximately 1 light year from the Sun. True False Answer Key:False Feedback: The distance between Earth and the Sun is one astronomical unit (AU), which is about 500 light seconds - much, much closer than a light year! Question 9 of 10 1.0 Points

The Sun switches magnetic poles every  A. Few thousand years  B. 22 years  C. 11 years  D. 28 days Answer Key:C Question 10 of 10 1.0 Points Earth has an obliquity of 23°. Which of the following planets has an obliquity that most closely matches Earth's?  A. Uranus  B. Neptune  C. Mercury  D. Mars Answer Key:D Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points In general, Moon has more moonquakes than Earth has earthquakes. A. True B. False Answer Key:False Question 2 of 10 1.0 Points Subduction occurs at  A. Transform fault margins  B. Divergent margins

 C. Convergent margins  D. Strike-slip margins Answer Key:C Question 3 of 10 1.0 Points The enormous cliffs on Mercury are thought to be caused by  A. meteorite impacts  B. plate tectonics  C. volcanic activity  D. contraction of the planet Answer Key:D Question 4 of 10 1.0 Points Earth's atmosphere is comprised of approximately how much nitrogen?  A. 96%  B. 4%  C. 21%  D. 78% Answer Key:D Question 5 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Rocks that contain holes caused by bubbles of gas (seen on the Moon!) are called vesicular rocks. Answer Key:vesicular Question 6 of 10 1.0 Points

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. The hypothesis that posits that the Moon formed at the same time as Earth, from the same material is called the condensation hypothesis. Answer Key:condensation Question 7 of 10 1.0 Points Because it has less gravity than Earth, the Moon has a high escape velocity. False True Answer Key:False Question 8 of 10 1.0 Points The lunar highlands are composed of a rock called  A. Basalt  B. Anorthosite  C. Granite  D. Hornblende Answer Key:B Question 9 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. An anaerobic environment is one that contains little to no oxygen. Answer Key: anaerobic | anoxic Question 10 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Carbon deposits on Mercury's surface are thought to account for its low albedo . [one word that describes the proportion of light that gets reflected] Answer Key: albedo Feedback: The correct term to describe the reflectivity of a planet's surface is albedo . Mercury's albedo is

low, likely owing to deposits of carbon from comets. Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points Craters on the Moon are likely how many times the size of the impactor?  A. 5 times  B. 10 times  C. 20 times  D. 50 times Answer Key:D Question 2 of 10 1.0 Points The Earth's core is (select all that apply) A. Liquid in the centre B. Larger than the Moon C. Hotter in its centre than the surface of Sun D. Surrounded by an outer layer comprised of Nickel and Sulphur Answer Key:B, C Question 3 of 10 1.0 Points Select all of the true statements from the following: A. The dark areas we can see on the Moon (the Maria) consist of basalt B. The lighter areas of the Moon (the Highlands) consist of anorthosite C. The Highlands are more heavily cratered than the Maria D. The Maria formed before the Lunar Highlands Answer Key:A, B, C Question 4 of 10 1.0 Points Which hypothesis is currently the most favoured to explain the formation of the Moon?  A. The Condensation Hypothesis  B. The Giant Impact Hypothesis

 C. The Capture Hypothesis  D. The Fission Hypothesis Answer Key:B Question 5 of 10 1.0 Points Match the following large scale features of Earth to the tectonic environments (plate margins) in which they are found: 1. A. Transform Fault Margin 2. B. Divergent Margin 3. C. Convergent Margin select A B C1. The subduction zone underlying the Andes select A B C2. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge select A B C3. The San-Andreas strike slip fault Answer Key: 1:C, 2:B, 3:A Question 6 of 10 1.0 Points Which of the following are consumed during photosynthesis (select all that apply)? A. Sugar B. Carbon Dioxide C. Oxygen D. Water E. Nitrogen Answer Key:B, D Question 7 of 10 1.0 Points Match the following atmospheric compositions 1. A. Hydrogen and Helium 2. B. Mainly carbon dioxide 3. C. Mostly Nitrogen and Oxygen select A B C1. Earth's initial (primary) atmosphere select A B C2. Earth's secondary atmosphere select A B C3. Earth's modern day (tertiary) atmosphere Answer Key: 1:A, 2:B, 3:C

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Question 8 of 10 1.0 Points Owing to the large size of its core, Mercury has a magnetic field that is roughly twice the strength of Earth’s. True False Answer Key:False Question 9 of 10 1.0 Points Mercury’s core is likely surrounded by a solid shell of  A. Pure nickel  B. Nickel and sulphur  C. Iron and nickel  D. Iron and sulphur Answer Key:D Question 10 of 10 1.0 Points Which of these spacecraft crashed into the surface of Mercury on April 30th 2015 at a speed of around 14,000 kph?  A. Solaris  B. Messenger  C. Mariner 10  D. Prometheus Answer Key:B Feedback: Question 1 of 10

1.0 Points Choose the answer which shows planets arranged in order of largest to smallest diameter.  A. Earth-Mars-Venus  B. Venus-Earth-Mars  C. Earth-Venus-Mars  D. Mars-Earth-Venus Answer Key:C Question 2 of 10 1.0 Points Martian rocks tend to have a higher iron content than Earth rocks. True False Answer Key:True Question 3 of 10 1.0 Points Venus’ clouds consist primarily of  A. Hydrogen  B. Oxygen  C. Sulphur  D. Nitrogen Answer Key:C Question 4 of 10 1.0 Points The nitrogen concentration of the martian atmosphere is

 A. 95%  B. 1%  C. 5%  D. 3% Answer Key:D Question 5 of 10 1.0 Points Venus exhibits large cyclonic storms at its poles. True False Answer Key:True Question 6 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Sand grains hopping over the ground surface is a process called saltation . Answer Key:saltation|saltating Question 7 of 10 1.0 Points The surface of Venus is approximately  A. 500 million years old  B. 4.5 billion years old  C. 10 billion years old  D. 1 million years old Answer Key:A Question 8 of 10

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

1.0 Points Mars has a higher escape velocity than Earth. True False Answer Key:False Question 9 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 2 blanks. Mars has two satellites named phobos and deimos . Answer Key:Phobos|Deimos, Phobos|Deimos Question 10 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Concentric fractures surrounding dome structures on Venus’ surface are called coronae . Answer Key:coronae|corona|coronas Question 1 of 10 1.0 Points Which spacecraft is currently NO LONGER functional on or around Mars? [choose all that apply] A. Express B. Opportunity C. Curiosity D. Spirit Answer Key:B, D Feedback:

Question 2 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Smallish iron-oxide (hematite) spherules found on Mars are commonly called blueberries (One word, no point for incorrect spelling!) Answer Key:blueberries|blueberry Feedback: Blueberries: Not quite as tasty as a blueberry muffin Question 3 of 10 1.0 Points Match the named features of Mars to their descriptions 1. A. One of the satellites of Mars 2. B. Vast network of canyons 3. C. High elevation volcanic region on the surface of Mars 4. D. The largest volcano in the Solar System select A B C D1. Tharsis select A B C D2. Phobos select A B C D3. Valles Marineris select A B C D4. Olympus Mons Answer Key: 1:C, 2:A, 3:B, 4:D Question 4 of 10 1.0 Points Mars has permanent ice caps. True False Answer Key:True Feedback: Question 5 of 10

1.0 Points The red colour of the red beds in martian rocks is related to their high content of  A. Sulphur  B. Iron  C. Carbon  D. Helium Answer Key:B Feedback: Question 6 of 10 1.0 Points What follows is a fill in the blank question with 1 blanks. Flattened volcanic domes seen on Venus are called pancake volcanoes (one word, no point for incorrect spelling). Answer Key:pancake Feedback: Pancake volcanoes: Question 7 of 10 1.0 Points Venus' atmosphere is comprised of approximately how much nitrogen?  A. 78%  B. 96.5%  C. 3.5%  D. 21% Answer Key:C Question 8 of 10 1.0 Points There is wind on Venus. True False

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Answer Key:True Feedback: Yes! There are winds on Venus. Question 9 of 10 1.0 Points Martian volcanoes are  A. Stratiform volcanoes  B. Shield volcanoes  C. Lava domes  D. Cinder cones Answer Key:B Question 10 of 10 1.0 Points From a viewpoint above the Earth's north pole, Venus spins on its axis in a counter-clockwise direction. True False Answer Key:False Feedback: Venus has a retrograde (clockwise) rotation. 1. Hypothesis: An educated guess based upon observation 2. Theory: A hypothesis that has been supported by repeated testing and observation 3. Law: Explains a body of observations by which no exceptions have been found to the law

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

4. The Big Bang: The initial explosion that resulted in the formation and expansion of the universe 5. Singularity: An area in space-time where gravitational force is so high that all known laws of physics break down and do not apply 6. Hubble's Law: The observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away. v=H0d 7. Hubble Space Telescope: an optical telescope in Earth's orbit 8. Doppler Effect: When an object coming toward you makes a sound, the sound waves are compressed by the motion of the noisy object and sounds differently to you than when the same sound waves are being carried off away from you 9. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation: As the universe expanded it cooled 10. Sphere: Also known as a closed universe. Finite size, stops expanding eventually, and contracts in a big crunch. Like throwing a ball up in the air and then the energy fades and gravity pulls the ball back down. Density parameter greater than 1 11. Saddle Shaped: Open or a negative curvature. Infinite and unbounded, expands forever with the expansion rate never approaching zero. Parallel lines eventually diverge. Like throwing a ball up in the air and it just keeps going and going. Density parameter less than 1 12. Flat: Infinite and unbounded. Parallel lines are always parallel. Expand forever but the expansion rate approaches zero. Like throwing up a ball and it goes and goes, but eventually just appears to hang there, the movement outward is so slow. Density parameter equal to 1 13. Conventional matter: Stars, planets, asteroids, comets, etc. Less than 5% of the Universe. 14. Dark Matter: Cannot be seen because it gives off no electromagnetic energy, but we know it exists because we can detect its gravitational attraction to conventional matter. Makes up 27% of the Universe. 15. Dark Energy: Repels matter. Makes up 70% of the Universe. Controls the expansion of space. 16. Radioactivity: Breakdown of elements. Determines the age of the universe by: a. Observing the compositions of gasses around old stars b. Knowing the exact radioactive processes required to produce these gas-compositions from the very first elements created in the Big Bang c. Knowing all the time factors involved in breaking down one component to yield others 17. Hubble's Expansion Constant: H0 is the constant rate for the expansion rate. Can use Hubble's equation to determine the age of the most distant light 18. CMBR way to determine the age of the universe: CMB signals offer the most accurate view to date of conditions in the early Universe. Based on this the Universe is 13.80 +/- 0.04 billion years 19. Light Year: The distance that light travels in one year 20. Trigonometric Parallax: Can be used to measure light years up to 500 light years distant. Object is at a different place relative to the background. Ex. If a

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

telescope is pointed at a nearby star in January and then you look again in July and you moved your telescope by a little angle from where you originally pointed it. 21. Main Sequence Fitting: Can be used to measure 500 to 500 million Light Years distant. Using the Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram you can match the brightness of a star to their temperature 22. Apparent Brightness: The brightness we see from Earth 23. Intrinsic brightness: The true brightness of a star 24. Cepheids: Stars with a pulsing brightness that peak with absolute regularity 25. Cepheid Technique: Find a cepheid and carefully measure the time between one brightness peak and the next giving us the intrinsic brightness, which you can put into the apparent brightness equation 26. Andromeda Galaxy: Closest neighbouring galaxy, looks similar to the Milky Way but is much bigger and looks like a frisbee 27. Andromeda: Spiral-shaped clump of stars that Hubble found to prove that there were other galaxies outside of the Milky Way 28. Local Group: 40-50 galaxies in our immediate environment including the Andromeda, Milky Way, and Triangulum Galaxy 29. Nebular Hypothesis: Suggests that the solar system formed over a brief span of time from a giant nebula (cloud of interstellar gas). 30. Element: A substance that cannot be broken down to anything simpler by any chemical means 31. Atom: A particle of matter that has the unique properties of an element 32. Protons: Positively charged particles 33. Central Nucleus: In all atoms consisting of protons and may or may not contain neutrons. Surrounded by electrons 34. Neutrons: neutrally charged particles 35. Electrons: Negatively charged particles 36. Ion: An atom with either a negative or positive charge 37. Isotope: Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons 38. Mass Number: Sum of protons and neutrons in its nuclei 39. Half-life: Every radioactive isotope has one. It is the time it takes for half of the isotope to be gone 40. Fission: A breakdown of the nucleus of a relatively heavy atom into at least two other lighter particles plus energy 41. Fusion: The combination of two lighter atoms/isotopes to make one heavier atom/isotope plus energy 42. Supernova: The explosive death of a massive star 43. Periodic Table of Elements: An arrangement of all the known chemical elements in the table according to a defined order 44. Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom 45. Supernovae: The explosion of a big star releases so much heat and pressure that all the heavy elements can be produced 46. Red Giant: Dying Star, sun loses mass and runs out of hydrogen fuel 47. Conservation of angular momentum: If no outside force acts on a spinning (or

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

orbiting) object, the objects angular momentum will not change with time 48. Angular Momentum: A measure of the amount of spin (or orbital motion) of an object 49. Volatile elements: Ex. hydrogen and water vapour. These elements boil off at quite low temperatures so they remain completely gaseous 50. Refractory elements: Elements that do not readily respond to heat 51. Planetesimals: Small planets 52. Protoplanets: Larger planets formed from repetitive collisions and accretion 53. Magic Broom: Leftover gasses that were swept out of the Solar System towards the end of the formation of the planetary system 54. T Tauri Stars: Stars that are believed to be similar to how the Sun would have looked at the time of its formation. These stars have very strong winds 55. Bombardment rate: Number of collisions 56. Geocentric Model: Earth is at the center of the solar system 57. Heliocentric Model: Sun is at the center of the solar system 58. Pythagoras/Plato: Put earth at the centre, objects rotated slowly east depending on how far they were from earth 59. Aristarchus: Put sun in the centre 60. Ptolemy: Put earth in the centre, placed all other planets on moving spheres. Catholic church supported 61. Copernicus: Put Sun in the centre, earth rotated Sun. Church would not publish 62. Tycho Brahw: Wanted to keep copernicus' model, Sun revolves earth and drags the planets with it 63. Johannes Kepler: Planets were pushed into the orbits by the force of the Sun 64. Perihelion: Point nearest the Sun in the orbit of a planet 65. Aphelion: Point in a planet's orbit that is farthest from the Sun 66. Gallileo Gallilei: First to observe the planets through a telescope and was convinced Copernicus was right went to trial for arguing 67. Photosphere: Visible outer layer of a star that represents that depth within the gas at which we can see no deeper toward the core 68. Chromosphere: Surrounds the Photosphere. Invisible to the eye and is a thick layer of gases 69. Corona: the outermost region of the Sun 70. Astronomical Unit: A unit of length used for distances within the solar system. 1 AU is the distance between the Sun and Earth (equal to 150 Km) 71. Spectroscopy: The measurement and analysis of energy spectra to determine the composition of matter 72. The Genesis Experiment: Mission to capture particles of the solar wind and return them for study on Earth 73. Prominences: In the chromosphere. Arcs of gas that begin on the bright surface and soar to as much as 10,000 km into the corona 74. Flares: Short lived gas eruptions that generally last for no more than 20 minutes 75. Sunspots: Region of the Sun's photosphere marked by lower than average

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

temperatures, and therefore appears black 76. Solar Wind: the continuous flow of charged particles from the sun which permeates the solar system. .Made up of plasma 77. Plasma: An ionized gas made up of a mixture of electrons and protons 78. Magnetosphere: The magnetic field volume around a body like Earth 79. Auroa: The visual effect caused by lots of collisions creating lots of light photons 80. White Dwarf: Sun will blow off its outer envelope for its core to cool 81. Black Dwarf: When the Sun stops glowing 82. Refractors: Collects light by means of a glass lens 83. Reflectors: Collect light with a curved mirror 84. Orbital Velocity: Just enough velocity to place the satellite in a position that exactly balances the gravity's pull on the satellite with the inertia of the satellites motion 85. Geostationary Satellite: The satellite stays right over the same spot all the time 86. Escape Velocity: The minimum velocity needed for an object just to overcome Earth's gravitational attraction 87. Asteroids: Dense objects orbiting the Sun that are much smaller than planets 88. Asteroid Belt: Between the terrestrial belt are a band of small, rocky objects known as asteroids 89. Terrestrial Planets:: 4 planets closest to the Sun that are dense, made mostly of rock and metal and are fairly small. Consists of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars 90. Gas Giants: Further away from the Sun and are very large planets that are huge, low density, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, and surrounded by rings and many satellites. Consists of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 91. Ceres: Largest object in the asteroid belt 92. Pluto: Out past the gas giants, smaller than the Moon, too dense, has a satellite that is almost as big as itself, and follows a mildly eccentric orbit. Used to be classified as a planet but now is a dwarf planet 93. Kuiper Belt: Past Pluto, a thick band of icy bodies of all shapes and sizes 94. Eris and Sedna: Large icy objects that is found in the Kuiper Belt 95. Oort Clound: An enormous belt of icy bodies that marks the outer limits of the Solar System 96. Plutoids: All dwarf planets located toward the outer regions of the Solar System. Includes Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake 97. The Grand Tack: Jupiter initially migrates inward being pulled in about the Sun Jupiter gets caught by Saturn and both Jupiter and Saturn swing around to move back into their current positions 98. Nice Model: The four bodies were assembled very quickly from the Sun, but after a couple million of years, they started interacting with one another which pushed them out into different positions Uranus and Neptune were pushed out like this 99. Basalt: An igneous (made of lava) rock 100. Fission Hypothesis: Moon broke off from a rapidly spinning Earth 101. Condensation Hypothesis: Earth and moon formed contemporaneously from

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

the same material 102. Capture Hypothesis: Moon formed as an independent planetary body that was later captured by Earth during a close pass 103. Theia: A hypothetical planet that is somewhat smaller than Earth in a progressively unstable orbit about Sun. Impacted with Earth creating a smaller object that became the Moon 104. Kinetic Energy: Energy a body has by virtue of its motion 105. Accretion: Growth by accumulation of smaller bodies, dust and gas 106. Angle of Obliquity: The angle between the planet's equatorial plane and its orbital (ecliptic) plane 107. The Iron Catastrophe: as the upper 500 km of Earth melted from kinetic energy being turned to heat, the hot liquid iron from the upper layer would begin to pool and sink under its weight. Iron sinking to Earth's core released more energy and caused the whole planet to melt 108. Differentiation: When Earth was molten, there was a general zonation of elements from heaviest at the core to lightest at the top 109. Plate tectonics: Primary active process that controls things like volcanism and earthquakes 110. Lithosphere: outer 100 km of Earth, encompassing both Earth's crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. Is a solid, strong, rocky-layer 111. Asthenosphere: Layer of heat softened, weak, slow flowing rock located about 100-350 km beneath Earth's surface 112. Mesosphere: Below asthenosphere, a wide zone where the confining pressure is so great that the rock is solid and stiff 113. Core: Below the mesosphere and is divided into an outer core (liquid) and inner core (solid) 114. Dynamo: Mechanical device that converts physical energy to electrical energy 115. Continental drift: The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass called Pangea, broke up, and drifted to their present locations 116. Paleomagnetism: The study of magnetic properties 117. Curie Point: Above this temperature atoms are very active, and below this point atoms are much less active 118. Divergent Margins: Plates moving apart 119. Convergent Margins: Plates moving together 120. Subduction: The action of one lithosphere plate descending under a second plate 121. Subduction zones: Location of subduction 122. Transform Fault Margins: Boundaries where two plates slide past each other, with no significant vertical motion 123. Convection: The heat production provides a tremendous driving force to move material around 124. Seismic Tomography: The detection method of lithosphere plate fragment dropping into the asthenosphere and beyond into the mesosphere

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

125. Mantle Plume: A plume of mantle magma that rises to Earth's surface 126. Relative Age dating: Age relative to rocks around it 127. Absolute Age Dating: Actual age in years 128. Proterozoic: development of life (before 545 million years ago) life was made of simple cells 129. Phanerozoic: From Cambrian period until present day, abundant of complex life 130. Paleozoic: Early life 131. Mesozoic: Middle life 132. Cenozoic: Recent life 133. Parent: The amount of isotope that is in the process of breaking down 134. Daughter: The amount of isotope produced by the radioactive decay 135. Photosynthesis: Plants use the Sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar 136. Anaerobic: An environment without oxygen 137. Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus 138. Eukaryotes: Multicelled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus 139. Tidal coupling: Earth's gravitational influence on the Moon has forced the Moon into the exact same rotational and orbital period as the Earth 140. Lunar Highlands: Light areas composed of a rock called anorthosite, many craters 141. Maria: Dark areas made of basalt lava from lunar volcanoes 142. Apollo 11: 1st successful moon mission by the US in 1969, Neil Armstrong became first person to walk on the moon 143. Luna 1: First spacecraft to reach the Moon in 1959 144. Seismology: The study of an earthquake 145. Exosphere: Mercury's very sparse atmosphere 146. Caloris Basin: The largest basin on Mercury 147. Albedo: Proportion of light that gets reflected by a planetary body 148. Retrograde Motion: Rotating in a clockwise direction 149. Runaway Greenhouse Effect: a positive feedback cycle in which heating caused by the greenhouse effect causes more greenhouse gases to enter the atmosphere, which further enhances the greenhouse effect 150. Coronae: Huge dome surrounded by concentric fractures that is formed by mantle plumes 151. Caldera: A deep volcanic crater that is possibly the result of one of the coronae blowing its top 152. Pancake Volcanoes: Volcanoes that appear as flattened domes 153. Saltation: Thin martian winds carrying dust grains that are tiny where the stronger winds can pick up larger grains, and allow them to hop erratically over the surface 154. Mars Curiosity: Launched in 2011 is supposed to be better than any other rover on Mars

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

155. Shield Volcanoes: Shaped like an inverted warrior shield, formed by low viscosity lava flows 156. Olympus Mons: Largest volcano in the Solar System 157. Duricrust: Evaporate minerals that bond surface dust into crumbly or flaky layers 158. Red Iron Oxides: Fresh terrestrial sediments deposited in high humidity regions that tend to be brownish and blackish and involved hydrated iron oxides 159. Blueberries: Small spherules scattered over some areas 160. Noachian Era: Earliest period of Martian history characterized by a thicker, early atmosphere, high rates of cratering, heat flow, volcanism, fluvial activity and probable glacial activity. Lasted from 4.5 to 3.5 billion years ago 161. Hesperian Era: Transition era of Mars where many of the major outflow channels the last water flows and erosion episodes probably dated from this period. Lasted from 3.5 to 3.3 billion years ago 162. Amazonian Era: The modern, dry, dusty, mostly frozen era of Mars. Lasted from 3.3 to 2.9 billion years ago until the present. Little but still some active geology occurs 1. What is the Big Bang theory? What does it describe?: - An effort to explain exactly what happened at the very beginning of the universe - Time and space were created by a gigantic explosion that emanated from a singularity 2. What are the three main lines of observation that support the Big Bang theory: 1. Doppler shift: When an object is coming towards it sounds differently then when you are walking away from sound 2. Cosmic Microwave Background: Estimated that it was extremely hot in the first seconds of the universe and it expanded 3. Abundance of light elements: hydrogen (75%), helium (25%), lithium (trace) 3. What are the possible shapes of the universe?: - Positive curvature: "closed" universe, finite size without boundary, eventually stop expanding and contract - Negative curvature: "open", saddle-shaped, infinite and unbounded, parallel lines eventually diverge - Flat: Infinite in spatial extent, no boundaries, parallel lines are always parallel 4. What makes up the most matter in the Universe?: Dark matter: 27% Conventional matter: less than 5% 5. How can we know the age of the universe?: 1. Observing the composition of gases around old stars 2. Knowing the exact radioactive processes required to produce these gas compositions from the very first element created in the Big Bang 3. Knowing all the time factors involved in breaking down one component to yield others 6. How do we measure distances in space?: Light years and astronomical units

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

7. Explain how to use trigonometric parallax to tell the distance of nearby stars?: Relies on an object appearing to be at a different place relative to the background, depending on your viewpoint 8. Will the Milky Way ever crash with the Andromeda galaxy?: Yes, the Andromeda galaxy is hurtling towards the Milky Way galaxy, they are expected to crash in about 3 billion years 9. Formation of elements from light to heavy. Which ones form in the Big Bang, a star or a supernova?: - Big Bang: H, He, Li - Star: Fe - Supernova: Heavy elements 10. Describe the nebular hypothesis: This hypothesis suggests that the solar system began as an enormous cloud of dust and gas. The cloud began to rotate, heat was produced, and the cloud began to collapse toward the center. The sun formed at the center from this heat. Cooling of the cloud caused rocky and metallic materials to form the inner planets. The outer planets formed from lighter materials and gases. 11. The interior planets are made from condensed refractory materials, what happened to the more volatile gases?: Got swept out of the solar system -- not completely understood 12. Explain how changes in bombardment rates support the nebular hypothesis: The bombardment rate should have been very high early on, but fell off vey quickly as time passed 13. The sun is a main sequence star T/F?: True 14. What is the structure of the Sun?: photosphere, chromosphere, corona 15. What is the most common element in the Sun?: Hydrogen 71% 16. What is the purpose of NASA's genesis mission and how was it accomplished?: - Set out to capture particles of solar wind and return them for study - Travelled to the space between Earth and the Sun for 2 years 17. What was so surprising about the results of the Genesis mission?: The isotopic compositions of oxygen and nitrogen implanted in the wafers are significantly different to those in most of the solar system objects which we have measurements for 18. Does the Sun have a magnetic field: yes, it ejects large amounts of charged particles and plasma into space when solar storms occur. 19. How often does the Sun's magnetic field usually flip?: About every 11 years 20. Does the Solar Wind reach Earth?: No, Earth's magnetic field protects Earth's surface 21. What are 2 effects of magnetic storms on Earth caused by solar flares?: 1. aurora borealis 2. aurora australis 22. How does aurora borealis form?: On their way to Earth's magnetic poles, the solar particles interact with the molecules of gas in the upper atmosphere; the result is emission of a light photon from each collision 23. What are the stages of the Sun from birth to death?: - Birth in Big Bang

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

- Main sequence star - Core H exhaustion - Red Giant - White Dwarf 24. Why is the Hubble Space telescope (HST) orbiting Earth?: To make up for the distortion Earth's atmosphere creates 25. What do non-optical telescopes do?: Detect radio waves, X-rays, ultraviolet and infrared light, gamma rays 26. Name the Planets in order from their distance to the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles) 27. What is the largest object in the asteroid belt?: Ceres 28. What does the Grand Track theory tell us about how quickly Jupiter formed?: Jupiter got "caught" by Saturn and both Jupiter and Saturn swung around to move back into their current positions 29. Bad Moon Hypotheses: - Fission Hypothesis: Moon broke off from a rapidly spinning Earth, this would require that Earth rotated every 2.5 hours rather than 24 hours - Condensation Hypothesis: Both bodies formed from the same parental 'cloud' of dust and gas at the same time, the Moon would need to orbit Earth exactly on an equatorial plane - Capture Hypothesis: Earth and Moon formed contemporarily from the same material, every single attempt to model a capture via computer failed 30. How did the Giant Impact affect Earth's structure?: Gave Earth a large metal core and remarkably high density 31. Was Theia large or small?: Around the size of Mars (half of Earth) 32. Earth size and density: 5th largest planet, densest planet 33. How did early life develop on Earth?: In water because it was protected from outside hostilities 34. What makes Earth unique among terrestrial planets?: The composition of the atmosphere, liquid water on surface and biosphere 35. Explain the role of accretion in the formation of Earth: The first large object would have attracted others by simple gravity; as the object grew larger, it attracted more and more material spin faster and faster soon becoming a protoplanet 36. How did differentiation form different zones on Earth?: During the period when Earth was molten, there was general donation of elements from heaviest at its core to lightest at its top 37. How do pressure, temperature and density change as you move from crust to core?: From surface to core both pressure and temperature increase and from surface to core density increases 38. Why does Earth have a magnetic field?: Earth can be thought of as a dipole (2-pole) magnet. Magnetic field lines radiate between Earth's North and south magnetic poles 39. What is the evidence that supported the hypothesis of continental drift?: -

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Da Vinci found shells high in mountains that were once at seafloor - Darwin observed the coastline of Chile had been raised up as a result of a great earthquake - Alfred Wegener showed that a number of features could be connected across the gap of oceans -- Pangaea 40. What are the 3 types of plate margins?: 1. Divergent: Plates moving apart (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 2. Convergent: Plates moving toward each other (South American continents) 3. Transform Fault: Boundaries where 2 plates slide past each other (San Andreas Fault) 41. What mechanism drives plate tectonics?: Convection 42. How old is Earth? Surface? Ocean floor?: - Earth is 4.5 billion years old - Surface is younger because Earth is an active planet - Ocean floor is about 250,000 years old 43. Describe how the Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere are interconnected: The atmosphere's composition, atmospheric pressure and density are all intimately connected to the fact that Earth is covered by vast quantities of water 44. Why does Earth's atmosphere differ from Mars and Venus?: - Earth's atmosphere 1 bar - Mars atmosphere 0.07 bars - Venus atmosphere 90 bars 45. Where did Earth's water come from?: - 4-4.5 billion years ago, Earth was pummelled by comets and asteroids containing small quantities of water - As long as Earth's surface remained hot, water stayed as water vapour in the atmosphere, when surface cooled water vapour turned into rain 46. Explain 2 ways that biology has affected the composition of the atmosphere: 1. Photosynthesis: Plants combine CO2 and H2O to form organic matter and O2 2. Removal of carbon from atmosphere to form organic matter and limestone, the biosphere lowered the CO2 content, temperature declined 47. How did prokaryotes that lived in anaerobic ancient oceans avoid the toxic effects of the oxygen they produced during photosynthesis?: - Abundant organisms means a lot of oxygen produced but this soon kills most organisms -- cycle repeats - Most available iron is consumed, free oxygen began to appear - Eukaryotes gained an advantage 48. Explain how studying impact craters can tell us the age of the Moon: The older a surface, the more impact craters, if we could estimate the rate of crater production, then we could count the number of craters and calculate a relative age 49. Are we more likely to see small craters hit the Earth or the Moon?: Earth -- bigger gravitational field 50. What are the general steps of crater formation?: - A shockwave or highly compressed energy zone compresses the asteroid or meteorite, compresses the rock and makes it deform the impact sites

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

- Upon penetrating the surface, this shockwave 'explodes' below surface, any rock layers that were initially flat are bent up and down 51. Why are all rocks on the Moon igneous?: They formed by cooling and solidification of molten rock 52. Why weren't sedimentary rocks found on the Moon?: Because the Moon never had liquid on its surface 53. What is the geological history of the Moon?: - Formed in molten state - Period of cratering that began as soon as the crust solidified - Such intense cratering led to lava flooding - Final period of slow evolution 54. Why is it so hard for us to view Mercury's surface?: Because it is so close to the Sun 55. How is Mercury similar to the Moon? How is the surface different?: - For both, rotation has been altered by tidal attraction, their surfaces heavily cratered, their large craters flooded by ancient lava flows, both are small, airless and have ancient, inactive surfaces - Mercury has enormous cliffs and lacks the great, dark lava plain so obvious on the Moon 56. What mission/craft provided us with most information about Mercury?: - MESSENGER in 2011 57. Which is longer on Mercury a day or a year?: Day 58. Is the surface of Mercury hot or cold?: Extreme temperatures vary because of the orbit, too small to keep an atmosphere 59. What is the origin of the atmosphere on Mercury?: Has a very thin atmosphere consisting of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind 60. What is the evidence for lava flows on Mercury?: Much of Mercury's surface is old and cratered but others called inter-crater plains are less so -- suggests they were produced by lava flows 61. Why does Mercury have a low albedo?: Because Mercury's surface is mainly composed of dark porous rock 62. Since there are no plate tectonics on Mercury why do we see things like faults and scarps?: It is still contracting 63. How are hollows on Mercury formed?: When material beneath were vaporized away asteroid impacts 64. What is the geological history of Mercury?: - Formed in the innermost part of the solar nebula, giant impact robbed it of some of its lower-density rock and left is a small, dense world with large metallic core - Suffered heavy cratering by debris - Flooding, formed smooth plains, ended quickly - Slow surface evolution 65. What 2 elements are surprisingly common the surface of Mercury?: Sulphur and magnesium 66. Is there water on the surface of Mercury?: - Earth-based radar imaging indicated that sitting in shadowed craters was something highly reflective (water ice) 67. Why is it hard for us to see Venus surface?: The top layer is a cloud which

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

never clears 68. What are the 3 main sources for information on Venus?: USSR Venera, USA Magellan, Venus Express 69. Why does Venus rotate clockwise?: Retrograde motion 70. Which is longer on Venus a day or a year?: Day 71. What is the composition of the cloud layer? What is the main component of the atmosphere?: - Cloud layer consists of liquid/solid sulphur and droplets of sulphuric acid - Main component of atmosphere is carbon dioxide 72. How does Greenhouse effect differ on Earth and Venus?: Earth avoided runaway greenhouse effect because it was further from the Sun and cooler thus it could form oceans to absorb carbon dioxide 73. Has there ever been evidence of water on Venus?: Yes, habitable zone, gravitational and tidal theory 74. Why are there fewer impact craters on Venus compared to the Moon and Mercury?: Result of the planets dense atmosphere 75. What is the evidence that the surface of Venus is so young?: Craters are rarely filled with lava, radar images show them to be rough -- they have not had time to erode 76. What volcanic features exist on the surface of Mars?: Clusters of small volcanic domes, immense volcanoes, immense blocky ridges and valleys bounded by faults 77. What causes a global volcanic event? Evidence?: Build up tremendous heat and like a gigantic pressure cocker periodically "boil over" into volcanic eruptions that resurface the whole planet 78. Why do rocks erode faster on Earth than on Venus?: Rocks must be dry on Venus to erode 79. What causes erosion on Venus?: Wind 80. What causes the weak magnetic field on Venus?: Does not come from interior, but solar wind and upper atmosphere 81. What is the proposed geological history of Venus?: Formed only slightly closer to the Sun than Earth, similar planet differentiated in a silicate mantle and molten lava core 82. Why is there no active plate tectonics on Venus?: The crust is so hot that it is halfway to the melting point of rock, not very stiff so it cannot form the rigid plates 83. Do canals exist on the surface of Mars? Why are people so excited about this?: No, an early astronomer drew lines that people believed were human made canals leading people to believe there was life on Mars 84. Is Mars smaller or larger than Earth?: Smaller 85. Is there greenhouse effect on Mars?: No 86. Does Mars have satellites? Are they round?: Yes Phobos and Deimos they are not round 87. Are there seasons on Mars?: Yes, as the northern and Southern Hemispheres turn alternately toward the Sun

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

88. Which is longer on Mars a day or a year?: Day 89. What are the names of the spacecraft that explored Mars from its surface?- : Mars Curiosity and Mars Opportunity 90. What are Curiosity's objectives and what is it looking for?: - To investigate whether Mars could or has ever held microbial life - To explore the presence of water on Mars - To explore Martian climate - To explore Martian geology 91. Does Mars have an atmosphere? Primary composition? Water?: Yes, 98% carbon dioxide, water vapour 92. How did Mars atmosphere form?: Venus, Earth and Mars atmospheres were all produced by the same mechanism -- similar planetary compositions so had similar atmospheres 93. Implications of high versus low velocity to atmospheric composition: The more massive the planet, the stronger its gravitational attraction, thus the higher its escape velocity and the more difficult it is for gas atoms to leak into space 94. Can water escape Mars atmosphere? How is it lost? Was there ever liquid water on the surface?: Yes through water vapour 95. What evidence do we have for weather, storms or wind on the surface of Mars?: - Areas warmed by sunlight emit water vapour into the air, when dawn happens this vapour freezes to form clouds or ground fogs of water ice crystals - Ground for clings to channels and canyons - Winter conditions led to freezing of CO2, which creates a winter polar hood of CO2 clouds over polar regions 96. We have not found liquid water on Mars, but what evidence do we have that there was/is water on Mars?: Many geological features were formed by running water, significant amounts of water in the crust -- gullies 97. Where does water currently exist on Mars?: - Ice caps - Ice as permafrost just below the surface - Water chemically bound to other elements in minerals and rocks - Tiny amounts of water vapour (frost and ice deposits) 98. Why does Mars surface lack the same regolith as the Moon?: It cooled more slowly and its volcanism lasted longer 99. Why are there few craters on the northern lowland?: Resurfaced a billion years ago, used to be an ocean 100. Give examples of surface features that tell us something about the crust of Mars: - Shield volcanoes - Largest volcano has not sunk into the crust -- thick 101. Is Mars core molten? Metal? Is there a magnetic field?: Thick syrupy iron core, does not have a magnetic field anymore 102. How were Mars volcanoes formed: Plumes 103. What are the 4 stages of developmental history of Mars?: 1. Differentiated into a core, mantle and crust, no trace of plate tectonics 2. Cratering -- heavy bombardment

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

3. Planet formation and flooding (magma and water) 4. Crust is now too thick to be active, lost much of its internal heat, lacks molten core, too thick for plate tectonics 104. What is the greenhouse effect on Venus?: As the surface of Venus warmed, any oceans that did exist evaporated, and thus Venus lost the ability to cleanse its atmosphere of CO2. The high temperature baked CO2 out of the surface, and the atmosphere began even less transparent

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

quiz

Related Documents