Lab 10 galaxies and the expansion of the universe

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Kelsey Gross Lab 10 Galaxies and the Expanding Universe Damon Olsen N/A PART ONE 1. Observing from the source of the emission, the sound waves are faster and more accurate. When observing from the observer point of view, the waves are off center and take longer to reach the observing point. 2. As the observer is moved closer to the source of the waves, they become more choppy and short, but when the observer stops moving, the waves return to their normal pattern. 3. When the observer begins to move away from the source of the waves, they become more elongated. If the observer were to stop moving away, the patterns would also return to normal because the observer is no longer moving. 4. When the source moves closer to the observer, the sound waves become squished and closer together, however the source waves do not change. 5. Blueshift is a term used to describe an object that is moving towards another object or us. The wavelengths will become shorter making the peaks appear closer than they actually are. It’s called blueshift because the blue light on the spectrum have shorter wavelengths. 6. When the source moves away from its observers the waves become more elongated for the observer. The source waves will stay the same though.

7. Redshifting is when the object moves away from us or another object, the waves appear much more spread apart than they actually are. It’s called redshift because the red wavelengths are the longer wavelengths. 8. Redshifting seems like the more likely cause for the Big Bang theory. That is because it involves objects being moved away from each other and that is what the big bang did, explode and cause everything to start moving away from each other. Blueshifting is used when collisions happen between objects in the universe because they will bump into each other and start a new path that could be heading towards something instead of away. PART TWO

Virgo Cluster 1. H-alpha: 660 nm H-beta: 490 nm H-gamma: 440 nm H-delta: 410 nm 2. H-alpha wavelength: 660 nm, rest wavelength: 656 nm wavelength difference: 4 nm

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660-656=4 H-beta wavelength: 490 nm, rest wavelength: 486 wavelength difference: 4 nm 490-486=4 H-gamma wavelength: 440 nm, rest wavelength: 434 wavelength difference: 6 nm 440-434=6 H-delta wavelength: 410, rest wavelength: 410 wavelength difference: 0 410-410=0 The Virgo cluster would be moving toward us because the shift in numbers is small and one of them is even 0. Ursa Major Cluster 1. H-alpha: 685 nm H-beta: 510 nm H-gamma: 460 nm H-delta: 430 nm 2. H-alpha wavelength: 685 nm, rest wavelength: 656 nm wave difference: 29 nm 685-656=29 H-beta wavelength: 510 nm, rest wavelength: 486 nm wave difference: 24 nm 510-486=24

H-gamma wavelength: 460 nm, rest wavelength: 434 nm wavelength difference: 26 nm 460-434=26 H-delta wavelength: 430 nm, rest wavelength: 410 nm wavelength difference: 20 nm 430-410=20 The Ursa Major cluster is also moving toward us, just not as fast as the Virgo cluster. Corona Borealis cluster 1. H-alpha: 790 nm H-beta: 520 nm H-gamma: 460 nm H-delta: 430 nm 2. H-alpha wavelength: 790 nm, rest wavelength 656 nm wavelength difference: 134 nm 790-656=134 H-beta wavelength: 520 nm, rest wavelength: 486 nm wavelength difference: 34 nm 520-486=34 H-gamma wavelength: 460 nm, rest wavelength: 434 wavelength difference: 26 nm 460-434=26

H-delta wavelength: 430 nm, rest wavelength: 410 wavelength difference: 20 nm 430-410=20 The Corona Borealis cluster is moving toward us, but not as fast at the two above mentioned clusters. Boötes cluster 1. H-alpha: 740 nm H-beta: 550 nm H-gamma: 490 nm H-delta: 460 nm 2. H-alpha wavelength: 740 nm, rest wavelength: 656 nm wavelength difference: 84 nm 740-656=84 H-beta wavelength: 550 nm, rest wavelength: 486 nm wavelength difference: 64 nm 550-486=64 H-gamma wavelength: 490 nm, rest wavelength: 434 nm wavelength difference: 56 nm 490-434=56 H-delta wavelength: 460 nm, rest wavelength: 410 nm wavelength difference: 50 nm 460-410=50

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The Boötes cluster is moving away from us because the shift in numbers is larger.

4. These clusters and galaxies are slowly moving away from us, but still can be seen from Earth. The Virgo cluster is especially visible during certain parts of the year because we can still see that constellation clearly. The Boötes cluster is moving the fastest away because it is the farthest from Earth but has the second highest speed out of all the clusters. PART THREE

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An observer sitting on galaxy E would be able to see galaxy D more than galaxies C through A. 2. An observer sitting on galaxy C would be able to see galaxies D and B while not being able to see much of galaxies A and E. 3. It will not matter what galaxy we are standing on because Hubble’s Law will always remain the same. We will always see the galaxies moving away from us, but that doesn’t mean we are the center of the universe because we are also moving away from other galaxies. 4. Ho: 66.7, 1/Ho: 10/667 5. 1/Ho x (3.09x10^19) km/Mpc (10/667)(3.09x10^19) km/Mpc 4.63 x 10^17 6. (4.63 x 10^17)/(3.16/10^7 sec/yr) 1.47 x 10^10 7. [(1.382 x 10^10)-(1.47 x 10^10)]/(1.382 x 10^10) x 100 (8.8 x 10^8)/(1.382 x 10^10) x 100 6.37% is the difference between my calculation and the Planck calculation 8. Over the course of this lab, I have noticed there is direct relationship between the expansion of the universe and the findings of the age of the universe. If the rate of expansion is faster then the age of the universe is younger, if the rate of the expansion is

slower then the age of the universe is older. It all comes down to how much energy is available at the time.

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WORKS CITED Bahcall, N. A. (2015). Hubble’s Law and the expanding universe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 112 (11), 3173–3175. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424299112 Hall, N. (2021, May 13). Doppler Effect . Www.grc.nasa.gov. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k- 12/airplane/doppler.html Howell, E., & published, D. D. (2022, January 14). What Are Redshift and Blueshift? Space.com. https://www.space.com/25732-redshift-blueshift.html#:~:text=Redshift%20and%20blueshift %20describe%20the Ph. D., P. and A., & B. S., P. (n.d.). Blueshift and a Universe in Motion . ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/blue-shift-definition-3072288

Lab 10 galaxies and the expansion of the universe

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