Music Final Review
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Rutgers University *
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07:700:101
Subject
Arts Humanities
Date
Jan 9, 2024
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docx
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1.
A leitmotif is a recurring motif or musical idea that represents a particular person, place, idea, or emotion. The term was invented by German composer Richard Wagner who used
leitmotifs in The Valkyrie to help tell the story while adding new instruments to increase the range of his orchestra. Leitmotifs were used chiefly in operas during the 19th and 20th centuries. John Williams used Leitmotifs to match the action and mood of scenes in Star Wars films. 2.
“You’ll Be Back” is a song performed in the Broadway Musical, “Hamilton”. It is sung by the actor who plays King George III. It includes the harpsichord to represent monarchy and an old way of life. It is sung again, but in two reprises. 3.
Lin-Manuel Miranda did not attempt to write music or make visual representations in the style of the 1770s. He wanted to incorporate an image to welcome immigrants, which was applicable of the original founding fathers. He believed that the characters in the story were immigrants in their own time, which is emphasized by diverse casting. Plus, one would not expect to see faces or hear music from the 18th century. 4.
Hamilton displayed the political discourse of the United States as well as the timeliness of Miranda’s immigrant narrative. Plus, the play depicted white-exclusionary casting in post-colonial USA. Some themes include a sense of optimism in the American dream and
genres within are a type of American-born genre. 5.
A musical allegory from Hamilton would be in “You’ll Be Back”. It is in the cheerful style of 1960s British Invasion pop which underscores the disturbing text. It reminds one of Hey Jude since they have similar allegories. 6.
The Florentine Camerata were a group of courtiers, poets, and musical scholars in Florence during the late 16th century. Their goals were to make a more expressive style
of singing and contribute more to its creation. They developed European opera and were interested in revitalizing ancient sung drama as well as artistic expression returning to the
form of the Greeks. 7.
Almost all songs in Orpheus were in strophic form, meaning two or more verses are sung to the same melody. Monteverdi included indications for specific period instruments in the orchestral parts. 8.
Opera of the Classical Period involved a sense of humor, use of libretto from popular texts, as well as musical and scenic simplicity with believable characters intended for the bourgeois audience. Opera of the Baroque Period involved solemnity, musical virtuosity, use of mythology, and stereotyped characters intended for the aristocracy and nobility. 9.
Basso continuo is the baroque form of the rhythm section, and it only indicates the bass line and harmonies. It is a style of instrumental accompaniment that was nearly universal throughout the Baroque period.
10. Monteverdi was not affiliated with the Florentine Camerata, but he was aware of their ideas and experiments. Instead of setting Orpheus in recitative, he combined recitative with different types of structured vocal music, including folk-like strophic songs, choral refrains, and a massive, ornate aria. 11. The Magic Flute carried an important message about Enlightenment-era values that celebrated the triumph of reason over superstition as well as the moral equality of individuals from different social classes. The music created by Mozart effectively communicates Papageno’s character who writes what is effectively a strophic folk song in
the aria called “I’m a Bird Catcher”.
12. Beyonce wrote her Lemonade album to recount the story of her husband’s alleged affair while narrating the themes of betrayal, anger, redemption, and love. The musical examples confront the stereotype of the angry black woman by recoding it as divine and righteous. a.
“Turn My Swag On” by Soulja Boy (“Hold Up”)
b.
“When the Levee Breaks” by Led Zeppelin (“Don’t Hurt Yourself”)
c.
“Walk On By” by Isaac Hayes (“6 Inch”)
d.
“Let Me Try” by Kaleidoscope (“Freedom”)
13. The musical styles between the two songs are similar in their form and technique of themes, but the lyrics are different in each song. 14. Folk songs were used to indicate the history of people involved in the music of the 19th century. German philosopher Johann Gottfried inspired interest of folk songs and tales in national identity. 15. Songs by Frank Schubert are considered folk music because one composition that was famous in his folk music was the Elf-King, which has similarities with Wandering.
16. Salon culture from the 19th century promoted music played from the Romantic era. 17. The Lovely Maid of the Mill contributes to themes such as interior feelings. It also overcounts with love affair that ends in tragedy. It mainly focuses on the emotions associated with love and betrayal. 18. The piano works as an accompaniment. In Das Wandering, the piano accompaniment is arpeggiated which has broken chords in harmony and serves to represent the brook and its emotions.
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19. In Erlkönig, Schubert composed text painting in a manner that we can hear the piano galloping through the woods as the lyrics highlight on the theme of the piece. The setting is through composed which allowed Schubert to adapt the music to the specific contents of each poetic stanza. 20. Presentational music does not have to be complex or unpredictable, but audiences tend to demand a certain amount of variety. The first musical presentations for the public were held in 1735 and the first official concert series was in the 1860s. 21. Modern concerts came into being in the 1960s and were fueled by the birth of rock and roll. The earliest concerts came from Baroque, Classical, and Romantic music. 22. Beethoven was considered the greatest genius in Europe at the time of his death. He also wrote hours of marvelous music, bursting with energy and invention, and was famous before 30 years of age.
23. Three periods of Beethoven’s creative output:
a.
Early: First Symphony, String Quartets Opera 18
b.
Middle: Symphony No. 5
c.
Late: Piano Sonata No. 30
24. There were no permanent orchestras or individual contracts in Vienna. As a result, the music was not performed well, for one piece fell apart completely. It was 4 hours long because Beethoven insisted on premiering all his recent works.
25. In the 18th century, symphonies were usually light, celebratory, and short. Beethoven departed from this since he did not have normal playing with Baroque music and his Symphony No. 5 was supposed to be played from the classical version. His symphonies were long and dramatic with a serious tone in the form of 9 masterpieces.
26. Beethoven’s music is organic because it has an opening motif that returns throughout the movement and is always used in sonata form. 27. Three parts of Sonata form
a.
Exposition: corresponds to first part of binary form
b.
Development: the middle section between exposition and recapitulation
c.
Recapitulation: begins from tonic key from exposition as the end is played differently from the exposition
28. The concert was billed as an educational event and organized to demonstrate that jazz deserved to be regarded as a serious and sophisticated art form. Whiteman’s intention was
to prove that Jazz was a form of classical music. 29. Sweet jazz (played by white bands; rhythmically restrained) is heavily string laid back, nostalgic, and romantic with a slow tempo and instrumentation that is not followed. Hot jazz (played by African Americans; rhythmically daring) is associated with Dixieland which is born out of a blend of ragtime, blues, and the marching band traditions of New Orleans.
30. The opening clarinet glissando of Rhapsody in Blue was composed by Paul Whiteman’s clarinet player, Ross Gorman for collaboration. The accompaniment was orchestrated by Whiteman’s arranger, Ferde Grofé. Grofé’s orchestration included 23 of Whiteman’s performers in 1924. In 1926, it had a small theater orchestra; 1942 was when it had a full symphony orchestra. The title came from George Gershwin’s brother, Ira, who was inspired by James Whistler’s color-centric titles.
31. Rhapsody in Blue contains five themes such as ritornello, train, stride, shuffle, and love.
32. In 1927, Florence Price finished her teaching at Little Rock, Arkansas due to Jim Crow Laws, but overcame it by transferring to Chicago. Price received an excellent education career in music and became the top of her class at the New England Conservatory. She supported her family as a composer, performer, and teacher. She published serious concert music, popular songs, church music, and educational pieces for piano students. Price was involved with organizations concerned with the advancement of
African Americans and women in music and overcame issues by teaching.
33. Florence Price was educated to be taught and contributed to a rich tradition of African American culture. Her first symphony expressed African American influence with irregular phrases and drum accompaniment. She used sonata form II as well as slow dance movements.
34. Rock music became very popular during the 1960s. As the genre grew and changed, many new and diverse sub-genres emerged, all tied to original rock, each with their own unique style and purpose. 35. In 1969, America was deep into the controversial Vietnam War and many young people opposed it. It was also the time of the civil rights movement, a period of great protest and unrest. Woodstock was an opportunity for people to escape into music and spread their message of unity and peace. 36. Jimi Hendrix employed text painting to add the introduction of taps since “The Star-
Spangled Banner” and taps relate to each other. It was controversial because it was used to interpret and contribute to the climax of the setting.
37. Aaron Copland takes folk music and makes it his own by integrating vernacular and serious music traditions.
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38. Inspirations for Caroline Shaw’s Partita for 8 Voices
:
a.
Wall Drawing 305 by Sol LeWitt
i.
Categorized as conceptual art
b.
Times Square
c.
Baroque Dance suites