Art History Study Guide
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George Mason University *
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Course
311
Subject
Arts Humanities
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
9
Uploaded by MagistrateMask16312
Forma Urbis
: Severan Marble plan
: Approximately 60x43 ft, a massive marble map of ancient Rome
Digital reconstruction of Priene:
Orthogonal streets, Tranverse stairs, Agora (social gathering place), Theater, Gymnasium, Athena Polias (temple dedicated to Athena Polias)
Plan of Alba Fucens: Orthoganl layout, colonnaded streets, Public fountain, Greek-
style Theater, Porticos (roof supported by columns on porch), Stoas
Vesuvius lararium from the House of the Centenary
(p. 19): Shows how Vesuvius looked before the eruption, with a single vineyard covered peak instead of the double peak of profile today
Altstadt (p. 76): Surrounds the forum and triangular forum, irregular layout of streets
Iucundus lararium earthquake scene (p. 237)
18
th
century painting of Visitors to Herculaneum (p. 38)
Plaster cast/
calchi
(pp. 24 & 55): made by detecting imprints (head casts of previous figures)
Eumachia portrait statue (p. 114): Eumachia is wearing a palla over a tunic and stoa (non elites wear tunics) in Greek Style, Palla delicate women’s poses, features and material
Terentius Neo and wife fresco portraits (p. 89):
: represents a typical provincial
bourgeois, showing off like a refined aristocrat, being portrayed with the toga and a roll of papyrus
Bulla: Locket given to Roman Children to protect them from evil spirits and give them good luck Slave collar: “Hold me or I will run”
Fresco of Pompeian Venus (p. 209): Life size fresco of Venus lying in the shell Rendering of the Stabian Baths (pp. 150-151):
oldest and largest bath, large palaestra and laconicum
Hypocaust diagram: Suspended floor, Praefurnium, pool plunge (plunge pool with turtle),water tank, tubules, Erotic scenes from the apodyterium of the Suburban Baths (pp. 110-111): explicit sex scenes (group sex and oral sex)
Terms and Names:
Be able to clearly define these terms and identify the significance of the names to Pompeii. Some of them will be relevant to the short answer questions or essays and should be used appropriately in responses to those questions.
Organic:
Happens naturally, not predetermined (Random Growth)
Orthogonal:
Laid out on right angles (evolved as they need more space/buildings)
Insula
: Blocks of grouped but separate buildings/houses or a single structure/apartment)
Prostyle:
emple a temple that has columns only in the front
Peristyle temple:
Columns all around, steps all the way around, shallow porches either end, Greek architectural details
Hellenization (Making things Greek like/Importation of Greek styles)
Oscan: Language spoken by samnites (Indo-European) Stratigraphy: Study of rock layers (during volcanic eruptions)
Charles VII Bourbon
: First King, interested in treasure hunting (explored through tunneling in Herculaneum) Joaquin de Alcubbiere : Military Engineer (discovered architectural remains at Pompeii and Herculaneum)
Giuseppe Fiorelli
: Scientist, Stratiphic exvations and documentation
Wilhelmina Jashemski : American scholar of ancient site of Pompeii (known for garden archaeology)
Augustales (Augustalis, singular)
Priest of the Imperial cult
Hypocaust system:
A furnace to force heat into a series of hollow chambers between the ground and floor and up pipes in the wall (Heating system)
Questions: Be prepared to give substantive, detailed responses to the following questions. The phrasing of the question may be modified for the exam, or the questions may be paired with images from the list above. Several sentences will be necessary to provide a sufficient answer to most questions. Alternately, the information requested here may appear on the test as an objective question (multiple choice, fill in the blanks, true/false, etc.). What are three aspects of urban design that Romans were good at before Greek influence according to Strabo? `
Define the term “amenity” as used in the context of urbanization, including the role which urban amenities played in a city. What are three examples of urban amenities that the Romans borrow from the Greeks?
Amenity is something that is not necessarily required by adds to the overall city. A few amenities were the peristyle temple, triangular forum (Hercules and Minerva)
How does Alba Fucens show Hellenization of Roman city planning? Be able to explain three features adapted from Greek urban environments for Alba
Fucens
. Orthoganl Layout: let everying happen naturally
Colonadaed streets, Public fountain, Greek Style Theater, Porrticos, Stoas
Explain the Altstadt theory of Pompeii’s development. What are three
reasons for selecting this particular site for founding a city? When were the walls of the city built? When did the orthogonal elements of the city develop? What use, other than residential, was the space inside the walls used for in Pompeii’s early history?
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Pompeii was a tactical setting, close to ports/water, agricultural land. The orthogonal elemeents of the city developed What is the traditional view of Pompeii’s situation between 62 and 79 CE? Explain three pieces of evidence that earlier scholars used to support that view. What is the current view on the city’s situation in the period of 62-79
CE? Briefly explain how the three pieces of evidence discussed earlier in the question have been refuted in the current thinking
.
The traditional view of Pompeii from 62-79 Ce was that the city was still recovering from the earthquake. There was economic downturn therefore the elites abandoned the city. This led to Freedmen (liberti) taking higher roles in the city also properties were sub divided. The current view is seismic swarms preceded the eruption and that destroyed builds/places are being rebuilt. The reconstruction of the city’s shows
a prosperous economy. Liberti rose in status but the elites remained in the city.
What is the official name of Pompeii after 80 BCE? Explain the significance
of each term within the name. What was the historical context for this change?
After 80 BCE the official name of Pompeii was Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeii. Colonia Corneilia relates to Corenilius Sulla and Veneria Pompeii relates to Venud Pompeiiana. The historical context for this change is that the Romans conquered Pompeii led by Cornelius Sulla. Was the Bourbon exploration of Herculaneum and Pompeii archaeological in nature or not? Explain your answer using at least two points to support your response. What part did the Royal Villa at Portici play in Bourbon exploitation of the recovered material? How do the Bourbons use some of the material politically?
This was not natural because he tunneled through Herculaneum and he was only interested in treasure hinting. Who was Giuseppe Fiorelli? Describe four
contributions that he made to the exploration of Pompeii. Giuseppe Fiorelli was an Italian Archaeologist. His excavations at Pompeii helped preserve the city. His address system divided Pompeii into nine regions and consisted of the region, insula and doorway.
What are calchi
? How did Wilhelmina Jashemski modify the use of calchi
in exploring Pompeii’s environment? How have they been used in the excavations at Civita Giuliana, just outside of Pompeii?
Calchi are plaster casts of an obkect. Wihe;mina Jashemski modified the use of calchi in exploring Pompeiis environment by root casts
What was the Grand Tour? What is the range of reactions to Pompeii by visitors in the 19
th
century? Provide three examples that reflect the diversity of views (you do not have to attribute them to the specific source
on the exam). What reference point did most writers in this period use to understand Pompeii’s antiquity?
The Grand Tour was a tradition trip through Europe. Tourist enjoyed the infrstracture
and the amenities throughout the cities. They also like the artwork. Most writers used Baedekrs guidebook.
What social meanings does the basic toga carry for the Romans? The toga
praetexta
? The toga candida
? What if the toga is worn capite velato
? Are free born Romans the only ones who can wear the toga? What is the bulla
and who wears it? What distinguishes social class for women wearing the tunica and palla? Visually, in what other ways did ancient Pompeians convey their status? How might a slave be recognized on the streets of a Roman city?
The toga represented that the male wearing it was of elite status. The toga praetecta represented a males office. The toga candida represented if a male became a candidate for office. No anyone could wear a toga. A bulla was a pouch locket worn by children to protect themselves from evil spirits. The color and material of the tunica/palla distinguish social class of women wearing them. Through jewlery and hairstyles. A slave may be recognized by their skin color, chains, or collar.
Who are liberti
? How do they attain this status? What, if any, limitations exist for their social status? Does their rise to prominence in Pompeii between 62 and 79 CE indicate a city in crisis? Explain why or why not based on our class discussion.
Liberti were freedmen that attained their status by getting freed by their master by paying to be free or after the death of their master or if there master just freed them. They can’t be on the city council and their rise in power does show a crisis. This is because the people at the top left and they obviously left for a reason which was that they city was in shambles. Which is how Liberti rose in social class. Define orthopraxy and orthodoxy as discussed in class. What is the purpose of Roman Public religion and which of those terms describes it best? What is the purpose of Roman Private religion and which of those terms describes it best? What is a Mystery Cult and which of those terms describes it best?
Orthopraxy means right action in practices such as prayer, sacrifice, and taking omens. If the ritual was messed up the individual would have to restart until it is completed without any mistakes. Orthodoxy means right teaching and is focused on
right teaching. The attitude/belief of the individual is given priority. The purpose of Roman public religion was to get a unified belief and can be represented by orthopraxy. The purpose of Roman private religion was to create a connection between the individual and the god, which can be represented by orthodoxy. A mystery cult is a cult that keeps its rituals secret. Orthodoxy best describes a mystery cult has they are more focused on the individual.
Be able to identify the iconography of Pompeian Venus and her attendants
as discussed through the fresco image.
Pompeian Venus was the central figure in this fresco. She wore a mural crown which shows that she is the protector goddess of Pompeii. Her scepter also shows that she
had regal authority and power. Her blue cloak represents her celestial power and a connection to the ocean.
In class, we discussed Roman religion as theatrical. Explain what we mean by this. How does the pilentum
recently discovered fit into this theatricality? How about the procession of Isis described in the Hopkins reading? Be specific and include relevant details that apply to theatricality.
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Theatrical mean largely a matter of performance. Pilentum fits into this because it was a ceremonial carriage. The procession of Isis was celebrating the opening of seas to sailing ships. This involved people in costumes and an orchestra with boys wearing all white that sung. The initiates of Isis were dressed in all white linen and priests crried out symbols of the cult. What was the social status of Numerius Popidius (senior) and Marcus Venerius Secondio? How did each of them contribute to the religious landscape of Pompeii? How do they represent the mechanics of social mobility in a Roman city?
Numerius Popidius was a freedman (liberti) that couldn’t hold power but used his son to rule by rebulding. The temple of Isis after the eruption. Marcus Venerius Secondio was a public slave that was a custodian at the temple of Venus. His name was also a representation of Pompeian Venus. He paid to get free and eventually rose to freedmen (liberti)
When discussing the Roman Bathing Habit in class, I provided four characteristics that defined it: explain each of those four characteristics
. Social Space for communal bathing: anyone could bathe there. Sequence of Rooms: multiple rooms to do stuff in. Rooms at different temperatures: could fir the accomodsation of the person. Secondary activity rooms: could play ball, get a massage.
What is a hypocaust system and how does it work? A hypocaust system is a heating system. This system has a suspended second floor and a Praefurnium (furnace). This system has tubules where hot air rise through and
is also fueled by wood. Why do the Stabian Baths have two unequal sets of rooms? What shift in social norms might be reflected in the Suburban Baths at Pompeii having only one set of rooms? What are two explanations for the erotic scenes in the apodyterium of the Suburban Baths?
The Stabian Baths habe two unequal sets of rooms one for men and one for women.
This shift of women and men bathing tigerther is reflected in only one set of rooms. Everyone felt the same and people felt more open that may somehow explain these
erotic scenes.
Essay Options:
The essay will count 30-40% of your test grade, so it is a significant portion of your grade. By giving you the two options in advance, my expectation is that the essay will be well written, detailed, clear and thorough. On the exam, you should not
expect to have a choice; I will give you one of the following two essay topics. You will not be able to choose, so prepare both
. Respond to all
questions included under the following two options. Again, I strongly recommend that you type out both of these essay responses ahead
of time using your notes and the assigned readings so that you can simply copy the required answer text into the response dialogue box on the exam. This will
reduce exam stress and give you much more time for the remaining parts of the exam. If you work on the essays in advance, you can also proofread and edit after the first composition. As stated at the start of this document, you should not use any AI system to generate your responses
. This will be considered an Honor Code violation and result in a ‘0’ on this portion of the exam.
All essays should be limited to between 500-600 words
. They should be written as essays (so complete sentences, distinct paragraphs, transitions, etc.).
Option 1:
What is the traditional date for the 79 CE eruption of Mt. Vesuvius? What primary literary source is this derived from? From the reading and discussion in class, what change has been argued for the date? Explain how the argument has been made based on the primary textual source and with three other
types of evidence that are
currently considered valid. What types of sources are considered primary textual sources? Why are primary textual sources so important to the study of an ancient site like Pompeii? Despite their importance we have seen problems in using these sources: briefly describe the
problem outlined in class regarding the seasonal date of Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 CE.
Option 2
Define the term “Romanization.” What are three common features of romanization? Explain how this process helped Roman civilization to expand and remain stable.
Explain each of the three “instruments” of Romanization that were discussed in class. Why do Favro & Yegül argue that urbanism and romanization are so tightly connected? Is there a primary literary source cited by the authors as evidence to support this idea that the two are linked? If so, who is the author and what did he say about the relationship between the two.
Consider romanization at Pompeii. Why did we distinguish between romanization before and after 80 BCE? Explain using an example discussed in class from each period (before/after that date) that supports this distinction.
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