Science and Counseling

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University of Texas, El Paso *

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5320

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Arts Humanities

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Oct 30, 2023

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pptx

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Science and Counseling 1/23/2023

• Form a group of 3-4 • Self-introduction • Name and program • What are your previous research experiences? What do you know about research? • Why does the curriculum include a research course?

Ways of Knowing • 1) Tenacity, hear something or just believe it • 2) Authority, which can be human or superhuman. • 3) Method of intuition • if something makes sense and has previously been believed to be true • 4) Scientific method • involves empirical tests and standardized procedures to establish verifiable facts • 5) Knowledge learned through one’s direct experiences in the world.

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Identify the ways of knowing • “Disinfectants can kill the novel coronavirus on surfaces and in the air.” • “I see the disinfectant that knocks it out in a minute, one minute,” Trump said during Thursday’s coronavirus press briefing. “And is there a way we can do something like that by injection inside, or almost a cleaning? Because you see it gets inside the lungs and it does a tremendous number on the lungs, so it would be interesting to check that.” • https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/04/24/disinfectant-injection-corona virus-trump/ • The question, which Trump offered unprompted, immediately spurred doctors, lawmakers and the makers of Lysol to respond with incredulity and warnings against injecting or otherwise ingesting disinfectants, which are highly toxic. • When people listened to Trump and were poisoned

Accidental Poisonings Increased After President Trump's Disinfectant Comments ( https://time.com/5835244/accidental-poisonings-trump/ )

In January, February and March of 2020, accidental poisonings with household disinfectants were up 5%, 17% and 93% respectively over the same months in 2019. In April, which includes an eight day period from the 23rd of the month to the 30th, following Trump’s comments, the increase was 121% compared to April of 2019. In the first ten days of May, things settled down some, with poisonings up 69% over the same 10-day period in 2019.

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Flat Earth: conception of Earth's shape as a plane or disk.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06bvdFK3vVU&t=5s • What are the flat earthers’ way of knowing? • What is the way of knowing for the boat with strip target experiment? • What is the way of knowing for seeing the earth in the space travel? • Why do you think the flat earthers ignore the science? • What are some consequences of not believing in science?

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Geocentric vs Heliocentric Model of the Universe ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S13Sr-H7TWI&t=1s )

• What is the way of knowing for people who believe geocentric model of the universe (earth is the center)? 1) Tenacity: 2) Authority: 3) Intuition: 4) Scientific method: 5) Direct experience: • How was heliocentric model of the universe (sun is the center) developed? • The invention of telescope • The flaws of existing knowledge • Critique and analysis • New theory development

Five ways of knowing. 1) Tenacity: hear from other people, 2) Authorities provide the knowledge, 3) Intuition: something makes sense, 4) Scientific method: involves empirical tests to establish verifiable facts, 5) One's direct experience. • One example is the statement "the sun rises in the east.“ How do people know this information? • 1) Tenacity: • 2) Authority: • 3) Intuition: • 4) Scientific method: • 5) Direct experience:

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Five ways of knowing. 1) Tenacity: hear from other people, 2) Authorities provide the knowledge, 3) Intuition: something makes sense, 4) Scientific method: involves empirical tests to establish verifiable facts, 5) One's direct experience. • The medical doctor told you that medication ABC can cure your disease. You asked the doctor “ How do you know this information?” The doctor replied with • 1) Tenacity: • 2) Authority: • 3) Intuition: • 4) Scientific method: • 5) Direct experience: • Which response will make you willing to take the ABC prescription?

Discussion #1 1. "People with intellectual disabilities can work." Provide five statements using the five ways of knowing to the employers. 1) Tenacity: 2) Authority: 3) Intuition: 4) Scientific method: 5) Direct experience: 2. Which way is more convincing to employers and why?

Importance of Science • Reliance upon any one type of knowledge without critique and analysis can lead to inaccurate conclusions and be dangerous. • People are selective or biased • People develop worldviews that are culture bound (e.g. flat earthers) • How we think and interpret things is influenced by our culture • Limited information (e.g. the blind men and the elephant) • Experiences can be distorted (e.g. geocentric model of the universe) • Science is not the only way of knowing but is an important one • The scientific method provides a mechanism to contribute to knowledge that is credible, reliable, and effective

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Scientific Method • The scientists use the scientific method, or a set of standardized rules about collecting and evaluating data, in an effort to reduce bias and develop credible “ways of knowing.” • The knowledge is built based on objective or verifiable information • Study procedures are explained so the study can be verified

Functions of the Scientific Approach • The basic functions of the scientific approach are twofold: • The first is to advance knowledge, make discoveries, and learn facts ( e.g. how many homeless population are veterans?) • The second is to establish relations among events and develop theories, thereby helping professionals to make predictions of future events (e.g. whether an intervention can treat a disease) • Scientific research can advance our knowledge base or understanding of human behavior • This understanding contributes to an ability to alter such behaviors via counseling, advocacy and consultation interventions

Importance of Science in Counseling/ Education • Science plays an important role in developing knowledge • Science promote the development of the profession • Refine the knowledge • Advance treatment/intervention • The credibility of the profession would be significantly challenged without a strong scientific foundation and reliance upon theory to guide one’s research and interventions. • Bill insurance and pay for the services

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Scientific thinking in the clinical practice • Scientist-practitioner • The integration of science and practice • Clinicians are encouraged to apply what they have learned from the research literature into their counseling work • Counselors/practitioners incorporate a scientific or critical thinking model by • Collect the data that the client presents • Generate hypotheses based on data • Develop a model/intervention that can be used • Empirical test the hypotheses • Make predictions/decisions about the client.

Where do you find the research articles? • Google Scholar ( https://scholar.google.com ) • Citations • Online database from the library • https://www.utep.edu/library • PsycInfo (psychology/counseling) • ERIC (education) • PubMed (health and medicine)