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Dance as a Catalyst for Empowerment and Activism: A Cultural Exploration of its Role in the Black Lives Matter Movement Nyoka T. Bryan Brenau University Communication Theory MM220- DE Dr. Ted Garner Oct. 15, 2023

Abstract This thesis examines the complex and dynamic relationship between dance activism in the black community as a means for social justice. It explores how this art form has functioned as a tool for social activism and a catalyst for empowerment. The paper begins by explaining the origin of social dances as a political performance and how dancers use their bodies to convey messages, unite communities (and demand social change within black America. Within the era of Black Lives Matter, I will give an account of dances like the cakewalk, street dance, and mostly impromptu and spontaneous routines created by black choreographers. I will also discuss how other forms of art can affect political activism. My thesis will provide a detailed analysis of how two brothers, Ashley Banjo and Jordan Banjo, used their platform on Britain Got Talent (2021) to highlight the killing of George Floyd during the height of the Movement. The thesis concludes with a discussion of how dance activism and political performances have affected the public and what can be done to sustain awareness of the movement. Keywords: hip hop, dance activism, George Floyd, performativity, ethnology, political performance, political activism, solo, contemporary dance, Black Lives Matter, Movement . Chapter I: Introduction

Throughout history, communication has been closely linked to performance, which has significantly shaped our identities and cultures (Wood, 2002, p.116). Victor Turner emphasizes that humans are essentially " homo performans," creative performers who use their abilities to define cultural identities (Wood, 2004, p.116). Performance studies explore the diversity and unity of cultural performances as a universal resource for enriching our lives (Wood, 2004, p.124). Dance performance is not just a way to move our bodies to a beat; it provides meaning through personal storytelling and can inspire action for those demanding change. The impact of dance activism dates to the civil rights movement in the United States, where it was used to convey the struggles and aspirations of marginalized communities, challenging the status quo and asserting a voice for those who needed it. During the Black Lives Matter Movement, individuals "put their bodies on the line" (Hendricks, 2022) to "disrupt public space" (Hendricks, 2022) in the name of racial injustice. The Dance activism pertaining to the BLM movement offers a glimpse of specific historical moments where everyone connected is met with real-time and streaming evidence. It takes various forms of routines in the black community, and during the height of police brutality, our native routines awakened this art phenomenon and shed light on the unique capacity to bridge the gap between artistry and activism. Chapter II: Literature Review The History of Dance Activism

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Dance activism is a way to aesthetically create resistance in the form of protesting against racist ideologies. It has become paramount in the Black Lives Matter movement and has an extensive history amongst black performers to raise change and discussion in the black community. For hundreds of years, dance has been a tool of protest for Black Americans. Slaves performed the “cakewalk” to entertain whites (Creane, 2021) as a parody of the treatment they received from their masters. The ignorance in the routine is undoubtedly the reason Blacks continue to perform today as a means of waking up our non-minority counterparts to the systemic racism needing a call to action. Before modern-day choreographers and dancers took a more pronounced role in activism during the 1900s (Creane 2021). Strange Fruit by Pearl Primus and Southland by Katherine Dunham reflected on lynching and served as a demonstrative protest (Creane, 2021). During the 1940s and 1950s, African-American dancers like Alvin Ailey and Josephine Baker supported the civil rights movement through their creative style of dance. Ailey is the creator of the first African-American modern dance company. He and Baker (who refused to perform for segregated audiences) made history, as they used their aesthetics to push what they felt to be most ethical... their thirst for disruption in the civil rights movement (Hendricks, 2022). Black Lives Matter and Performativity Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a political and social movement highlighting racism, discrimination and racial inequality. In 2013, three black organizers, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi created a black-centered political will and movement called Black Lives Matter. The movement began with social media hashtags, #BlackLivesMatter after the shooting death of Trayvon Martin. The decision came after George Zimmerman, the man who

shot Martin, was acquitted based on the Stand Your Ground Law O.C.G.A &16-3-23.1, A (Hassan, 2023) in 2012 (Howard University School of Law, 2023). The movement grew nationally in 2014 after the deaths of two unarmed black men, Michael Brown, in Missouri and Eric Garner in New York. It has since established itself as a worldwide movement. These deaths and the refusal of prosecutors to bring charges against the officers led to large protests which captured national and international attention (Grant, n.d.). BLM activists protested the deaths of other blacks at the hands of the police again including Sandra Bland, Philando Castile, Freddie Gray Tamir Rice, Laquan McDonald, Walter Scott, Breonna Taylor and Alton Sterling. (Grant, n.d.). George Floyd's death became a prominent demonstration against police brutality and racism after Floyd was pronounced dead when Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin knelt on his neck for more than 9 minutes despite Floyd’s repeated famous words, “I cant breathe.” Many other events have led to the continuation and progressive movement; During the Black Lives Matter movement, the slew of unrests led to dance activism within the movement. Dance is a powerful tool when words in the human language cannot express the feelings” Creane, 2021) of blacks. Dance activism went viral in the summer of 2020, when social media got a glimpse of dance scholars and activists using their bodies in response to racial inequality (Hendricks, 2022). Dance Routines and George Floyd When we look at or think of performance ethnology in dance, we must first understand the meaning behind “those performing the actions” (Wood, 2004, p. 124). For example, if ethnographers want to understand Bob Marley’s stance on peace through music during gang supremacy in Jamaica between early 1974 and 1980, understanding the harsh realities of an oppressive country and its people emphasizes that point. Performance ethnology attempts to

understand the behavior, how symbolic it is in performance and how it sometimes challenges cultural values and reveals how we see ourselves. Schechner’s seminal study Between Theater and Anthropology underlines the ways in which performances could be seen as key paradigms for social processes between performance behavior and ritual. We put ourselves in a place where the present can be invaded by shafts of involuntary and unexpected memory (Njaradi 2012). As a “universal and transcultural mode of communication” (Njaradi, 2014), we use this direct experience for those looking in as a testimony for what has ‘always been’ and create risk between us as a storyteller and the listener or viewer, hoping for change in what is seen or heard (Wood, 2004). During a protest for the killing of an unarmed black man, George Floyd, dancers flooded the streets on Martin Luther King Jr. Ave and performed dance routines of clapping, freestyling, chanting and performing dance parodies of details of the murder. Ny’Aja Roberson, a high school junior, choreographed dances and artistic performances for many protests (Creane, 2021). She states, “I practice activism with dance, I feel I tell a story best through movement” (Creane, 2021). The Dance for George Event (Burke, 2020) included step-touching demonstrators who filled a plaza near Malcom X Boulevard, paid tribute to George Floyd and called attention to black artists in the dance and entertainment industries. Dancers’ freestyles made a circle with the jostling line dance and spiced it up with the electric boogie, a form of contemporary line dancing (Burke, 2020). After the dancing came a nine-minute kneel to honor those who died and signal police mistreatment everywhere. Videos of the event were shared across all social media platforms. Viewers could also see protestors during an iconic rendition of the cupid shuffle on

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the streets of Newark, NJ and a healing practice rooted in Ojibwe culture, all in honor of the Floyd’s family. Three men led a group of musicians in March 2020 in lower Manhattan, NY, and broke into dance, It was recorded and shared on Instagram by another protester. The men, Fabricio Seraphin, Nathan Bunce and Areis Evans, who said they were not dancing with cameras in mind” (Burke, 2020), have over two million views on the social platform. Each curated dance paid homage to their ancestors through their own unique style of performance. Seraphin, 25, a contemporary dancer added ballet to the routine with an “ecstatic jeté” (Burke, 2020). Evans, 33, described expressing joy and pain at once through his emphatic hip-hop solo, and Bunce paid homage to his Haitian and African traditions through freestyle. In addition, social media videos show Chicago dancers fearlessly “strutting, spinning, kicking and letting their bodies crash the pavement” (Burke, 2020) as they danced in front of a row of police cars and flashing lights, flipping their hair. One of the dancers, Karma Munez pointed out that “dancing is not a result of happiness, but a form of expression” (Burke, 2020). Kalpulli Yaocenoxtli, a frequent BLM protest attendee in Minneapolis and St. Paul, practices the Mexican Nahua dance, song, and drum, joined in solidarity with Jamal Clark, who was shot and killed by police in Minneapolis in 2015. The group director, Sergio Cenoch, reaffirmed that “an injustice to one of us is an injustice to all” (Burke, 2020). The dancers led protesters in a chant in bright regalia, then leaped to their feet while chanting “Say his name, George Floyd” outside the Fifth Precinct of the Minneapolis Police Department. Burke, 2020). They also sparked fire while everyone was watching. The dance is called Tletl, which is fore-lit across the audience’s feet in an effort to connect everyone that was watching to what was going on. “These dances have survived centuries through protests

and colonization said Many Ann Quiroz, wife of Cenoch. She also notes that the connections between black and indigenous people are “symbols of resilience” (Burke, 2020). At Timeline of Dance Activism  On May 31, just six days after George Floyd's killing, Jo'Artis Ratti, the co-creator of krumping, danced solo in front of a line of armed police officers in Beverly Hills, California. He was joined by a group of protesters standing at a distance. The incident received widespread media coverage, and in explaining the use of krump as a form of expression, Ratti said that it was their way of dealing with the situation and fighting back. He also questioned how one can cry out to the grotesque and show hurt peacefully.  On the same day, in Newark, New Jersey, protesters danced exuberantly to the Cupid Shuffle, a popular line dance that emerged from the rapper Cupid's 2007 album, Time for A Change . One protester's poster read, "Let Justice Flow Like A River."  On June 2, protesters in downtown Los Angeles danced in unison and performed solos to the Cupid Shuffle, which had become the signature dance of the 2020 protests.  On June 7, a massive gathering took place in Harlem, New York, where the Cupid Shuffle was danced as a part of a "Dance for George" event. The organizers said that the dance was a reminder of the culture that has kept the world thriving and was performed to honor George Floyd.  On June 19, a group of dancing demonstrators celebrated Juneteenth in downtown Manhattan in front of City Hall. They demanded police accountability for refusing medical care to people in custody.

Social and Music in Performance Activism As social media has grown, the visibility and impact of political activism through performances have only increased. First, social media is an online tool that allows people to create and share different ideas of information including pictures and videos (Karama & Farooq, 2016). Facebook and Twitter have increased awareness of political activism as it can give control back to the public. It has been a political engagement and activism venue for many years, especially for Black Americans (Auxier, 2020). In the wake of police brutality, black social media users have taken to their platforms to express their positive or negative views and hold influential people accountable. Supporters use Twitter to share breaking news, circulate images, and look for information on rallies or protests in their area. An analysis of tweets by the Pew Research Center found that days after the killing of Floyd by police, nearly 8.8 million tweets contained the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag. After that initial peak, hashtag tweets remained above 2 million daily users (Auxier, 2020). Amanda Morgan, a ballet dancer, made a passionate speech about racial injustice that was later shared on Instagram. Her speech called out leaders to be more vocal in addressing injustice and inequality. “I will never stop talking about race until there is no longer a reason to. Society may have tried to silence the voices of the marginalized, but you will never silence me,” said Morgan (Friscia, 2020). She continued to share thoughts and resources through social media. On Juneteenth, for instance, she shared photos of Black artists and writers who have inspired her, from Josephine Baker and Arthur Mitchell to James Baldwin and Alice Walker (Friscia, 2020).

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A junior dance-science major, Katie Traylor, from Texas A&M, posted a video of herself on Facebook improvising the song “Glory” by John Legend and Common in the wake of the protests. Her video received over 5,000 views on Facebook and over 12,00 on Instagram. She expressed her feelings on social media: "My art gives me a feeling of vulnerability and empowerment and a voice I didn’t know I had” (Friscia, 2020). Kennedy George and Ava Holloway decided to use photos to garner attention in the BLM movement. Pictures of their hands raised while signing the black empowerment fist in front of the Robert E. Lee statue in Richmond, VA, went viral on Instagram. The statue has been covered in graffiti emphasizing a removal; their signature photo reaffirmed that. Music has always been an influential cultural movement by itself. It plays a significant role in social justice and activism. From the beginning of injustices that African Americans faced, music has always been an expression of hope, ritual of peace and a passion for a better world without prejudice. (The Great American Songbook Foundation, 2023). From folklore to gospel to jazz and hip-hop, blacks used their songs to pass the time and motivate multiple purposes. Hip Hop, for example, has been an integral part of social and racial justice movements. Still, it has been scrutinized by law enforcement and political groups because of lyrics denoting violence and criminal activity. Although Hip Hop artists usually try to defend their music against drug violence and gang activity, the lyrics aren’t far from the experiences surrounding the black community. Old-school hip-hop may be more conscious of lyric production and focused more on issues in the black community. Hip-hop lyrics are an extension of ‘help,’ a personal account of life right now. But hip hop has proven to be more than rap or trap music; it has served as a pillar against racial injustices, holding the powerful accountable.

Artists like Tupac Shakur, Kendrick Lamar and Common have all made their voices heard during high crime and social unrest. For example, Tupac Shukar’s 1992 notable song, “Changes,” references the war on drugs, the mistreatment of black people by the police, racism, desegregation, poverty and life in the ghetto in African American culture. Shakur mentions Huey P. Newton in the lyrics, “Two shots in the dark, now Heuy’s dead,” founder of the Blank Panther Party. The song is regarded as one of Shakur’s greatest hits and was chosen by the Vatican as part of their 2009 Myspace music playlist. His lyrics were unapologetic and relevant, waking up an ignorant community of people. Music has always been integral to the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States, with songs such as Kendrick Lamar’s "Alright," J. Cole’s "Be Free," D’Angelo and the Vanguard's "The Charade," The Game’s "Don’t Shoot," Janelle Monae’s "Hell You Talmbout," Usher’s "Chains," and many others serving as unofficial anthems and soundtracks for members and allies of the movement. Whether shared on social media, music has also become a powerful tool for artists to communicate their feelings and want for change with audiences. Case Analysis: Britain’s Got Talent, Ashley Banjo What happened during the controversial dance routine? British dance crew Diversity performed on Britain’s Got Talent, earning them a semi- finalist spot on September 5, 2020. The group, led by Ashley Banjo and his brother and dance partner, Jordan Banjo, took the stage for a guest performance. Still, their choreography was anything but entertaining as they used their platform to highlight the Black Lives Matter

movement. At the time, Banjo had replaced Simon Cowell on the show as a judge while Cowell recovered from a back injury. Their dance routine was a representation and reference to George Floyd's killing in 2020 by police officer Derek Chauvin. The performance included choreographer and dancer Ashley Banjo being knelt on by a dancer dressed as a police officer - a reference to Floyd’s murder. Members of the dance troupe mimicked the incident during which Floyd was asphyxiated as Chauvin knelt on his neck and chest. In the routine, Banjo lay down on the stage while a performer dressed as a police officer knelt on his back. The words “I can’t breathe” formed part of the backing track, referencing words spoken by Floyd. Elements of the Black Lives Matter protests, which took place worldwide following Floyd’s death, were also incorporated into the dance routine. Throughout the performance, dancers carried riot shields, and viewers watched as the troupe took the knee. Diversity won a BAFTA for their controversial performance despite their dance receiving nearly 30,000 Ofcom complaints. How did viewers react to the performance? In the month that followed the routine, complaints flooded in from viewers who claimed the performance was “too political” and inappropriate for a family show. Ofcom received almost 30,000 complaints about the segment of Britain’s Got Talent but said the program had not broken broadcasting guidelines. Despite the complaints, Ofcom confirmed it would not investigate the show as it felt the central message of the routine was “a call for social cohesion and unity.” Some complaints suggested that the performance used the show as a platform to highlight political

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issues. Other viewers went further, suggesting it was racist towards white people, too critical of white police officers, and endorsed a political movement. Social media was also awash with people sharing their views of the show, with some saying they would not be watching Britain’s Got Talent again as it had not reflected the suitability of a family show. How did Diversity respond to the complaints? Banjo, the main choreographer, responded to the complaints by saying he stood by the performance, saying those who took issue with its subject matter “highlight exactly what needs to change.” He added that Diversity "wanted to express how the events of this year have made us feel.” Banjo has since revealed he received death threats after the performance. I can conclude that the performance as a means for political action and awareness has given America and Britain a tool to support or stand against the BLM movement. In a recent interview, Banjo said behind the electronics that he’s always been hated, but in the street, he receives an endless amount of love. It makes me wonder if people say they support the movement when they're not or are unbiased in their choices or the choices of others. Banjo hopes people will question their actions and discourse before bashing the movement or what it stands for.

Chapter IV: Discussions and Recommendations A Call to Action: Did it Work? Changes or effects from a social movement either bring about social change by converting a majority of society to implement the values through their actions or cause societal manipulation (Britannica.com, n.d.). The social structure and belief system may suggest that either change can be brought about by changing the hearts and minds of the public to have some effect on social order. This may also cause a countermovement as attempts to persuade can become “difficult and dangerous” (Britannica.com, n.d.). Calls for greater police accountability, better training for police and accountability for police misconduct have all been the movement's requests. BLM has also called to defund the police department and free up funds for community social services such as mental health and conflict resolution programs during the drew wide attention. Although minority groups like Black Americans and Asians tend to show the most support, over 50% of whites viewed officer-involved shootings involving Blacks as a broader problem. This has created a policy window for local, state and federal changes in the criminal justice system (Ray, 2022). Policy changes include police training, body-worn cameras, and bans on no-knock warrants. There has also been light shed on cities like Ferguson, Louisville, Baltimore and Minneapolis as federal oversight. The words ‘Black Lives Matter’ are etched in yellow paint on the streets outside of the White House. Cities all over the United States are shown with the Black Lives Matter Muriel bringing attention to racism.

During the 2020 election, Donald Trump was very critical of the movement, using his protests to promote a law-and-order platform while appealing to the grievances of some whites. However, his opponent, Joe Biden, embraced the movement, and black voters were instrumental in his victory. Filming has been normalized throughout the movement. Since the movement, there have also been mysterious deaths of unknown activists. In a Pew Research Study, ten years after the #BlackLiivesMatter hashtag, 32% of respondents believe that the Black Lives Matter movement has effectively brought attention to racism against Black people. A smaller percentage of people (14%) think that the movement has increased police accountability, while even fewer believe that it has improved the lives of Black people (8%) or race relations (7%). Overall, 31% of Americans claim to understand the objectives of the Black Lives Matter movement to a great extent (Horowitz et al., 2023). When addressing racism, some people tend to forget what the Black Lives Matter movement is about. Black Lives Matter is a slogan because Black lives matter less, not just in police encounters but in health care settings, schools, and even in property values of Black communities (Roy, 2022). The end products of social movements as collectivities attempting to change the social order cannot be analyzed simply in terms of success or failure. Failure may result from ruthless suppression of the movement or through widespread apathy . A movement may wither because too few take it seriously, and it does not develop enough power to force its program on society. Sometimes, the remnants may linger for a long time as a cult, oriented inward toward the gratifications that the members obtain from participation but making no serious effort to change the social order. Success is most apparent when a movement manages to have its power legitimized as authority. In a successful revolution, the social movement becomes the new source of authority

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and respectability, and opposition to its values is defined as counterrevolutionary. In other instances, the movement achieves power through secession. Recommendation One: Many chapters and foundations have spanned since the BLM movement. However, because of competing visions and competition over resources, there are internal struggles and whether some leaders use their donations for personal profit. The Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation generated over 90 million in grants and donations. However, frontline chapters have needed help to stay afloat. They depended on corporate and foundational money for their operations and programs. Celebrities have also donated millions to the global network, with many wondering why there isn’t a more diverse spread of funds. Activists are requesting answers from the web. I believe Funds should be adequate, and a more democratic decision-making process should be in place. There should be recognition and accountability of every chapter to ensure there is sufficient funding for all groups associated with the organization to avoid scarcity. Seeing that the global network did not respond to comments inclines that leadership should switch from a starfish method to handling sensitive affairs. There should be a monthly review board of how funds are allocated and to hold current and future leaders in charge to perform inventory and financial reporting for outgoing and incoming expenditures. Recommendation Two: The movement has been called the largest civil movement in U.S. history, receiving support from Presidents to members of the Republican Party. Although a few schools have incorporated Black Lives Matter at School Week, such as Chicago, Los Angeles,

Milwaukee, Boston, Philadelphia and Baltimore, those are just a few cities in the United States. The worldwide structure should be part of a curriculum in junior and higher education studies across the U.S. During the week of February, educators, parents and students gather to speak about the events surrounding the movement and have impactful conversations about racial justice. (Nea.org, n.d.). Since the movement, public opinion has faded. Before, 67% of U.S. adults expressed their support for the movement, but it has shrunk to 55% by 2020 from whites, according to a Pew Research study (2020). I believe continuing conversation through courses will keep the momentum and awareness of the movement at the forefront of white America. Many colleges teach African-American Studies, but some have taken the Black Lives Matter Exam out of their curriculum. Florida governor Ron DeSantis said he was blocking the course in Florida because it pushes a political agenda. (Mumphrey & Lurye, 2023). He went on to say his focus is on education and not indoctrination. Frantz Fanon, a college professor, said his students read selections of "The Wretched of the Earth," which deals with the violence inherent in colonial societies. In a lively discussion, students connected the text to what they had learned about the conflict between colonizers and Native Americans, the war in Ukraine, and police violence in Memphis, TN. As a result of the political activism through dance and music in the Black Lives Matter movement showed the world how sparked protest can lead to change. The movement's success has been relative to those giving most of their time and effort to bleeding communities. There has been a widespread good that has come from ordinary people desperate for change and truth. Now, it is impossible not to hear the words unapologetic: black girls rock, black lives matter and

normalize . The movement, whether some like to recognize its efforts, has sparked many a debate and woken up a society that is stubborn to change.

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References A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States: The Black Lives Matter Movement. (n.d.). https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/BLM Burke, S. (2020, June 9). Dancing Bodies That Proclaim: Black Lives Matter. The New York Times . October 15, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/arts/dance/dancing- protests-george-floyd.html Creane, Z. (2021, February 23). Black American Harness the Power of Dance as a Tool for Change. Berkley High Jacket . October 15, 2023, https://berkeleyhighjacket.com/2021/features/black-americans-harness-the-power-of- dance-as-a-tool-for change/#:~:text=During%20the%201900s%2C%20dance%20took,a %20form%20of%20demonstrative%20protest. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Subsequent protests: George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor . Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Lives- Matter/Subsequent-protests-George-Floyd-Ahmaud-Arbery-and-Breonna-Taylor Friscia, S. (2020, August 10). 9 Dancers Using Their Art to Advocate for Change. Dance Spirit . October 15, 2023 Karamat, A., & Farooq, A. (2016). Emerging Role of Social Media in Political Activism: Perceptions and Practices. South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies , 31 (1), 381–396.

Harrop, P., & Njaradi, D. (2013). Performance and ethnography : dance, drama, music . Cambridge Scholars Publishing Hendricks, A. D. (2022). What Is Dance Activism? History of street dance . History of Street Dance - Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing. (n.d.). https://www.istd.org/dance/dance-genres/street/history-of-street-dance/# Horowitz, J. M. (2023, June 14). Support for the black lives matter movement has dropped considerably from its peak in 2020 . Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/06/14/support-for-the-black-lives- matter-movement-has-dropped-considerably-from-its-peak-in-2020/ Music’s voice in the American Civil Rights Movement . The Center For The Performing Arts. (2023, January 19). https://thesongbook.org/about/news-blog/the-songbook-blog- items/musics-voice-in-the-american-civil-rights-movement/ Rocks, C. (2021, April 20). Diversity BLM dance: what was the controversial routine on Britain’s Got Talent, as it won BAFTA TV Award. Yorkshire Evening Post . October 11, 2023, https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/diversity-blm-

dance-what-was-the-controversial-routine-on-britains-got-talent-as-it-wins-bafta-tv-award- 3215629# Street dance fact file - whitfieldstjamesprimary.co.uk . Street Dance Fact File. (n.d.). https://www.whitfieldstjamesprimary.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Street-Dance- Fact-File.pdf Wood, J. T. (2004). Communication theories in action: An introduction (third). Thomson.

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