unit 1-5

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UNIT 1 Activity 1 - In your own words write what is indigenous studies. The main goal of Indigenous Studies is to advance a thorough understanding of Indigenous peoples through investigating their contributions to local, national, and global societies as well as their customs, histories, languages, and ideologies. Indigenous peoples are the native residents of a territory, and they are frequently left out by discrimination and colonialism. The aim of this subject of research is to comprehend and value their distinctive viewpoints, customs, and contribution to society. Indigenous knowledge systems provide an explanation of the connections among all living beings on Earth. (Deloria, 1969; Kovach, 2009; Wind chief & San Pedro, 2019). In Indigenous studies, we learn about the diverse cultures, languages, and traditional knowledge of Indigenous communities around the globe. This describe their spiritual beliefs, storytelling, music, and artwork. It also discusses the difficulties they encounter, including social justice, cultural preservation, and land rights. They have unique ways of understanding and knowing things, which make Indigenous Studies a diverse field. In this field, various theories are used to help understand these Indigenous perspectives better. This is important because often Indigenous peoples are seen as the subjects of study, not the ones who can explain their own ideas. References: Deloria, V. (1969). Custer died for your sins: An Indian manifesto. University of Oklahoma Press. Wind chief, S., & San Pedro, T. (Eds.). (2019). Applying Indigenous research methods: Storying with peoples and communities. Routledge

UNIT 2 Activity 3- Identify and discuss the philosophy of burning in Indigenous agriculture. What were the goals of Indigenous burning? Indigenous cultures' concept of burning is ingrained in their traditional knowledge and ways of life. It indicates a close relationship to the land and a sustainable method of managing ecosystems. The following are some key features of indigenous culture's burning philosophy: Increasing Productivity : Native Americans believed that fire was a potent instrument for raising the land's productivity. (Arno 1985; Lewis 1982) They realized that prescribed burning could preserve the landscape in a way that was advantageous to both non-human and human species, as well as stimulate the growth of specific plant species and the regeneration following fires. (Arno 1985; Lewis 1982). (Kilgore 1985; Williams 2000) Cultural Connection : Fire was essential to indigenous cultures and figured heavily in both their religious and cultural rituals. Their myths, customs, and rituals all included the use of fire, which strengthened their bond with the land. (Kimmerer, 2000). Also The most powerful tool for landscape manipulation was fire. Fire was used by indigenous people throughout North America (Kilgore 1985; Williams 2000) Biodiversity Conservation: Burning was a sensible ecological practice among the indigenous people. They were able to sustain a diverse range of plant and animal species by managing a mosaic of many ecosystems and habitats through the use of fire. Different species can flourish in the varied niches that this mosaic landscape has created. (Lewis 1985; Williams, 2000a).

Natural disaster mitigation: Indigenous people realised that regulated burning may lower the amount of fuel in forests and lower the likelihood of devastating wildfires. This method functioned as a natural fire safety measure. (Martinez, 1998) Respect for All Living Forms: Indigenous societies observed the environment holistically, considering all living forms to be interrelated. (Kimmerer,2000 )Their burning practices recognized the inherent worth of all living things and took into consideration the needs of humans, animals, and plants. (Kimmerer, 2000) Sustainability: In indigenous land management, sustainability was a basic concept. They understood that by keeping the land in a healthy condition, it would keep on offering resources to upcoming generations. They avoided long-term environmental deterioration by using sustainable burning practices. (Kimmerer,2000) Cultural Identity Preservation: Managed burning was a traditional ecological knowledge and cultural practice that many indigenous cultures relied on to maintain their identity. (Kimmerer, 2000) From generation to generation, it served as a way to transmit important knowledge. (Kimmerer, 2000) Indigenous burning cultures have a philosophy that reflects a profound knowledge of the earth, a dedication to sustainability, and a comprehensive view of the interdependence of humans and the environment. For the preservation of biodiversity and contemporary land management techniques, it is an invaluable source of information. References: Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001). The role of indigenous burning in land management. Journal of Forestry , 99 (11), 36-41. Indigenous burning had the following objectives: To ensure their own survival, they modify the surroundings. (Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake,

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F. K. (2001) In order to support food security, create a mosaic of habitat patches. (Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001) A varied and fruitful terrain should be guaranteed. (Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001) Develop several resource patches to encourage consistency in the food supply. (Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001) Protect a particular food species from the effects of natural changes. (Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001) Sustaining a diversity of habitats will boost overall production. (Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001) Extend game, berries, roots, edible seeds, and medicinal plants to increase their diversity and productivity. (Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001) Create a variety of forest openings at different stages of postfire succession by deftly adjusting the fire regime. (Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001) References: Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001). The role of indigenous burning in land management. Journal of Forestry , 99 (11), 36-41. UNIT 4 Activity 1 - Discuss the theories surrounding the disappearance of the Stadeconans and the Mackenzie Inuit. Besides the theories provided, are there other reasons that can be identified to explain their disappearance? There are several theories regarding the decline of the Mackenzie Inuit and

Stadeconans, making their disappearance a complex historical conundrum. Diseases caused by contact with Europeans, wars, and cultural absorption are thought to have been major factors for the Stadeconans. ( Arnold. C. D.,1986 ) .Diseases, cultural changes, economic disruption by European traders, and climate change may all have contributed to the demise of the Mackenzie Inuit. Furthermore, population dynamics, resource depletion, and environmental changes probably played a role in their collapse. ( Arnold. C. D.,1986 ) These theories draw attention to the various circumstances that could have contributed to their disappearance. ( Arnold. C. D.,1986 ) References: Arnold. C. D., (1986). A Nineteenth-Century Mackenzie Inuit Site near Inuvik, Northwest Territories Arctic , 39 (1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic2038

unit 1-5

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